a heretic. And this established, the fine theory of the Tübingen critics topples to the ground, being left without a foundation. It is to us a remarkable illustration of the shifts to which a theorist will resort, when pressed by a difficulty, that Baur tries to cast doubts on the sincerity of this solemn act of fellowship, and to make it of no account.

BY PROF. JAMES R. BOISE, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.

THE researches of philologists have, within a few years, taken a much wider range than formerly. The mere mechanism of the two most cultivated languages of antiquity, however important this may be, is no longer the sole, or even the chief object of study with the classical scholar of the present day. The nations who spoke those languages, in all their wonderful history, as they progressed from barbarism to the foremost place in ancient civilization, and their connection with all contemporary nations are now a prominent object of study.

We would by no means disparage the nice but limited scholarship of a former age, when eminent men spent a life-time in the investigation of the minute test points in the Greek metres; just as a celebrated astronomer of this country has spent years (no doubt profitably) in correcting an error of one-tenth of a second in the predicted place of an asteroid which is invisible to the naked eye. These minute investigations are a necessary part of all sciences, whose grand and benign results would otherwise be unattainable.

■ Cf. Tables of Victoria, by F. Brunnow, published by the University of Michigan, 1859.

But we deem it unfortunate for any one to become so far absorbed in the separate details of a science as to forget its outlines and application. So we think the philologists of the present day have acted wisely in entering into a wider field of investigation; in making the languages of Greece and Rome, not the chief end of our studies, but rather the ushers to introduce us to the most cultivated people of antiquity. But in devoting increased attention to the history and archaeology of the Greeks and Romans, we have been led quite naturally to inquire what were their affinities, not only to each other, but also to the contemporary and antecedent nations of the earth. The carrying out of this inquiry has added a new and important department to modern science: one which promises not less interest than the wonderful discoveries of modern times in the world of matter. Ethnology as now studied, founded on the comparison of different languages, rests on a surer basis than ever before, and promises results of the highest scientific value. If the material world, in its wonderful history, excites the deepest interest in the minds of scholars, much more may the races of intelligent and immortal beings, who have lived on the earth-in whom the Creator of all worlds has shown so deep an interest-demand our attentive study.

It is natural that, in searching out the affinities of the Latin and Greek languages with the other known languages of antiquity, increased attention should be given to the development and history of these tongues themselves. All traces of the languages spoken in Italy before the Roman period have been carefully examined and are still studied with enthusiastic interest by many scholars. So too the Greek language in its earliest historic developments has been studied from a new point of view; and has been traced through the long period of its decline down to the present day; and now the learned world, rousing as if from a dream, seems to have just discovered the fact that the Greek, which has so long been called a dead language, is still alive, being inspired with a vitality as genuine as when Homer first waked the echoes of his never-dying song. The world

seems surprised to learn that the great body of those words which once "fulmined over Greece and shook the throne of Macedon," are still heard on every hill-side and in every valley of the ancient Hellas. The discovery is exciting new and increasing interest every day, and is destined, we doubt not, to exert an important influence on philology. As in the days of Cicero, Athens will very likely again become the favorite resort of scholars from all parts of the civilized world. The Greek language will thus be studied under greater advantages and more successfully than ever before in modern times. Every one appreciates the advantage, in acquiring a modern language, of residing among the people by whom it is spoken. A similar advantage is gained in the acquisition of Greek by residing at Athens: and, as the influence of the University of Otho becomes more marked, in reviving a purer and more classic diction among the scholars of Greece, and in diffusing its influences among the more cultivated classes of society, the advantages for the study of this ancient language will be proportionately increased.

The scholars of Germany are taking a deeper interest than formerly in modern Greek, and are beginning to appre ciate more fully the important bearing which it may have on the study of philology. An essay appeared in 1857, in the Philologus, from the pen of the celebrated linguist, Pott, on "Ancient Greek in Modern Calabria." Since everything which this distinguished scholar says on this subject will be taken as authority, we quote the following:

"How important," he writes, "that we have at length a scientific treatise on the different modes of speech in the Greek language of the present day; especially with this object, that from the present diversities we may obtain conclusions respecting ancient differences of dialect. This undertaking in the right hands would be of the highest importance to the general science of language, and espe cially to Greek philology." Until something more complete

1 Altgriechisch in heutigen Calabrien.

appears, the student of language may find much valuable information in the Grammatik der griechischen Vulgarsprache in historischer Entwickelung von Professor Dr. F. W. A. Mullach (Berlin, Dümmlers Verlagsbuchh, 1856). It will at least be apparent from the study of this last named work, that the so-called Modern Greek is not a new and separate language, but is no more nor less than the κοινὴ διάλεκτος or γλῶσσα, which existed in connection with the cultivated language of books; which, however, in the course of time and under various external influences, lost many of its original peculiarities and engrafted upon itself many foreign elements. Even a knowledge of these facts. would be no unimportant acquisition to the Hellenist.

It is natural that the learned Greeks of the present day should enter with zeal into these studies. They have bestowed much labor, not only in searching out the traces of the Greek language beyond the borders of Greece, in lands where the Greek population has been gradually losing ground, and where they have always been regarded as foreigners; but also in collecting and bringing to light the numerous words which still exist in the spoken language, and which have never before found any place in a lexicon. This task has been undertaken by several periodicals, but especially by the Néa Пavdópa, a scientific journal which has been published at Athens since the year 1850. The researches published in this journal exhibit great thoroughness, and an acquaintance with the entire field of Greek philological science, especially ancient Greek lexicography. An Article appeared not long ago in the Pandora, on the remains of the Greek language in Southern Italy, especially in Apulia. The substance of this article was afterwards presented in the German periodical, Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen. Bd. 24, 1858. It should be read in connection with the essay of Professor Pott, and is the more valuable, as it comes from the pen of a learned Greek residing in Southern Italy.

A short Article on the modern Greek language appeared in the Neue Jarbücher für Philologie and Paedagogik, in Nov. VOL. XVII. No. 67.

54

1859.

Several of the above statements are taken from this Article, and we append also some interesting etymological and other observations, from the same source.

"Aσmpos signifies, in modern Greek, white. Coray derives it from the ancient Greek άomiλos, without spot, clean, since this is the essential character of the color white. From aσTIXos, by dropping the , and by the not unusual commutation of p for A, arose aσpos. The modern language has nearly lost the ancient word Xevkós, and retains it only in the derivative λevkaivo. Similar changes have been made in other terms denoting color. For péλas, the modern language has only paûpos (ancient Gr. àμavpós, dim, without light); it, however, retains the ancient words πράσινος, κόκκινος, κίτρινος.

Αῤῥωστέω and ἀσθενέω are now used only in the sense of vooéw, to be sick. The noun àoéveia, illness, is more frequent than devéw. In the corresponding adjective sense, several words are used: as the ancient ασθενής and ἀσθενικός; also, ἀσθενισμένος (as if from a verb, ἀσθενίζω) and φιλάσθενος.

Τώρα (τῇ ὥρᾳ), now. In a similar manner, in the ancient language, σήμερον (or τήμερον) was formed from τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, and στῆτες (or τῆτες) from τὸ ἔτος.

"AXoyov is the modern word for horse; and in this sense it was used as early as the twelfth century; while оs is retained only in compounds and the derivative verb iππεúш. All animals, in opposition to man, the λογικὸν ζῶον, are ἄλογα Coa. The horse is least of all animals aλoyov; and thus the name might be explained xar' ȧvτíḍpaσw (so, lucus a non lucendo). Gottfried Hermann suggested that aλoyov might be used to denote the horse in distinction from his rider (a λογικὸν ζῶον).

Youíov, a diminutive from youós, a'morsel, bite, mouthful (Italian, boccone; Spanish, boccada), signifies, in modern Greek, bread. In the N. Test. language, foμíov means a piece of bread (Gospel of John 13:26): and in the verb wμiso, to feed, the special idea of bread is ofteu prominent

1 This does not appear to us very conclusive. We should rather regard the application of the term aλoyov exclusively to the horse, as one of those caprices of language which do not admit of any logical explanation.