workshop, if they have not been painted with oil or varnished once at least within seven years, shall be limewashed once at least within every fourteen months, to date from the period when last limewashed; and if they have been so painted or varnished, shall be washed with hot water and soap once at least within every fourteen months, to date from the period when last washed.

As to bakehouse situate in any city, town or place containing, according to the last published census for the time being, a population of more than 5000 persons; all the inside walls of the rooms of such bakehouse shall either be painted with oil, or varnished, or be limewashed, or be partly painted or varnished, and partly limewashed. Where painted with oil or varnished, there shall be three coats of paint or varnish, and the paint or varnish shall be renewed once at least in every seven years, and shall be washed with hot water and soap once at least in every six months.

A bakehouse situate in any city, town or place containing, as before, more than 5000 persons-a place on the same level with the bakehouse, and forming part of the same building, shall not be used as a sleeping-place unless it is constructed as follows, that is to say :

Unless it is effectually separated from the bakehouse by a partition extending from the floor to the ceiling; and

Unless there be an external glazed window of at least four and a half superficial feet area made to open for ventilation: a fine not exceeding twenty shillings for the first, and five pounds for every subsequent infringement of the foregoing clauses referring to bakehouses.

Every hoist or teagle near to which any person is liable to pass or to be employed, and every wheel, strap, or band directly connected with the steam or water, or other mechanical power, whether in the engine-house or not, and every part of a steam engine and water-wheel shall

be securely fenced close to the edge of the wheel-race; and every part of the mill-gearing shall either be securely fenced, or be in such position or of such construction as to be equally safe to every person employed in the factory, as it would be if it were securely fenced; and all fencing shall be constantly maintained in an efficient state, while the parts required to be fenced are in motion or use for the purpose of any manufacturing process. Any vat, pan, or other structure used in any process carried on in a factory, and near to, or over which children or young persons are liable to pass or to be employed, that is so dangerous by reason of its being filled with hot liquid or molten metal, or otherwise as to be likely to be a cause of bodily injury to any child or young person employed in the factory or workshop, shall be securely fenced.

A child shall not be allowed to clean any part of the machinery in a factory while the same is in motion. A young person or woman shall not be allowed to clean such part of the machinery in a factory as mill-gearing, while the same is in motion.

PART III.

FACTORY AND WORKSHOP SANITATION.

CHAPTER I.

THE SITE AND FOUNDATIONS.

Two considerations generally influence the choice of a site for the construction of a building for the purposes of industry, namely, convenience and economy, and these considerations are certainly paramount; but, when possible, the immediate vicinity and the condition of the subsoil should be examined as to their sanitary character. Both subjects will have a decided effect on the health and vigour of the workpeople, and the question naturally arises whether it is economical to employ unhealthy, weak and emaciated operatives in preference to those who are healthy, vigorous and strong. It will be admitted, nem. con., that the latter alternative is to be desired.

Before the trenches are dug for the foundations the subsoil should be examined as to its physical character, bearing in mind that the hygienic nature of the site of the building is as important as the structural character of its foundation. All soils contain air in their interstices, the percentage of such air varying with the physical and local conditions of the soil.

The percentage of carbonic acid is always very high. The other constituents commonly existing are carburetted hydrogen and various organic substances.

Made soils commonly consist of vegetable and mineral refuse, which, in a state of decomposition, generate fœtid. organic vapours; therefore the air of these soils is exceedingly poisonous.

Soils vary in their retention of water in proportion to their density; sand and coarse gravel retaining the greatest, and clay the least.

About 25 per cent. of the rain penetrates into sandstone,

42 per cent. into chalk, and from 60 to 96 per cent. into loose sand. The remaining portion runs off the surface or is evaporated. Independent of the rain, there is a normal subterranean sheet of water which varies in depth from three to a hundred or more feet, according to the conditions and character of the soil. Of course the rainfall increases the height of the subterranean sheet of water, which rises to the surface by capillary attraction. The inclination of the various strata will have a great influence on the hygrometrical condition of the subsoil of the site. The rain may fall on to the surface a considerable distance from the site, but the inclination of a substratum

For a subsoil to be considered hygienically satisfactory as a site, the subterranean sheet of water should never be allowed to ascend to within five feet of the foundations.

To effect this desired result, when the subsoil retains moisture, agricultural drain-pipes should be laid at a depth of say ten feet some time before the foundations are laid, their number proportionate to the density of the soil. They should be laid with a good inclination to the main drain. (See Fig. 4.)

To prevent the moisture and the subsoil vapour from

ascending, and being drawn by the suction produced by the heat in the interior of buildings to pollute the air and promote rheumatic disorders, the whole surface of the site

material, such as Portland cement concrete, six inches thick, the surface covered with asphalt.

If the building has a basement floor it should have areas arranged along the walls, where possible, with concreted or asphalted surfaces, with a channel formed centrally and properly connected with main drain. (See Fig. 5.)

This arrangement will prevent the unhealthy in

CONCRETE

FIG. 5.

fluence of adjoining undrained subsoils.

AREA

The ground

floors, if constructed of timber, should be at least a foot

above the impervious concrete layer, and the space ventilated with perforated bricks or gratings.