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EIGHTH EDITION, fcap. 8vo, cloth, price Sixpence. REMARKABLE ECLIPSES: a Sketch of the most interesting Circumstances connected with the Observation of Solar and Lunar Eclipses, both in Ancient and Modern Times. By W. T. LYNN, B.A. F.R.A.S. London: SAMUEL BAGSTER & SONS, LIMITED, 15, Paternoster Row. JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS, WAREHOUSES and OFFICES, at low LONDON, SATURDAY, MAY 11, 1907. CONTENTS.-No. 176. NOTES:-Obsolete English Games, 361 - Early British Names: their Interpretation, 363-Chertsey Monumental Inscriptions, 364-The Gypsy Lore Society Christ's Hospital Site-Birch's-Sobriquets and Nicknames,' 366 Wangun": its Etymology-"Lead his own horse". 'N.E.D., a Wrong Reference, 367. QUERIES:-"Every man has his price," 367-"The Confinement: a Poem'-Papal Styles: "Pater Patrum "Stafford House, 368-"Hail, smiling morn!"-Swinburne Family-F Rock of Ages: Gladstone's Latin Version'A Poetical Revenge-Chamberlain Family of Lincolnshire-" Black Horse" Inn: Dean of Killaloe, &c., 369Lieut. Henry Clarke, R.N.-Ambrosio Spiera: his Advent Sermons-Hungarian Rare Plant, 370. REPLIES:-Haymarket, Westminster, 370-Hornsey Wood NOTES ON BOOKS:-'Some Curios from a Word-Col 66 reads a note telling him to come to Signor To wonder at the last couple in Hell! Burton in part ii. sec. ii. numb. iv. of The Anatomy of Melancholy' (1621) says: "The ordinary recreations in winter are cards, dice, and shovelboard, and let the people play at ball and barley brakes." In Ben Jonson's' Sad Shepherd,' I. ii. (1635), Sir John Suckling (1646) describes the game in a poem of three stanzas. The first stanza opens thus : lector's Cabinet Book-Prices Current-Reviews and Love, Reason, Hate, did once bespeak Magazines. Notices to Correspondents. Notes. 66 OBSOLETE ENGLISH GAMES. Barleybrake.-Dr. Johnson in his dictionary calls this a kind of rural play," and from Sidney's Arcadia,' where it is fully described in Book I. last eclogue, he quotes these lines : By neighbours prais'd, she went abroad thereby It was played by six persons, three of each Fie then, why sit we musing, In Beaumont and Fletcher's' The Captain,' Three mates, to play at Barleybrake. And Hate consorts with Pride. So dance they! That Love and Folly were in Hell. See Jonson Anthology,' edited by Prof. Herrick in 1648 has a poem on 'Barleybrake; or, Last in Hell' :— To be tormented, or kept Pris'ners here? In the third act of The Royal Shep- 66 It Basset is called in Johnson's dictionary a game of cards, invented at Venice." was popular in the seventeenth century. Evelyn mentions in his diary having seen Charles II. on Sunday evening, 25 Jan., 1685, sitting in the gallery at Whitehall, 'whilst about 20 of the greate courtiers, and other dissolute persons were at Basset, round a large table, a bank of at least 2,000l. in gold before them." Macaulay refers to it in his History of England,' vol. i. p. 431. Evelyn also notes that, on the flight of James II., King William and Queen Anne, on 13 Feb., 1689, came to Whitehall she 66 laughing and jolly, and within a night or two sate down to play at Basset, as the Queen her predecessor used to do." In Addison's Spectator, No. 323, 11 March, 1712, the young lady enters in her diary From 6 to 11 at Basset; never set again on the ace of diamonds." Nicholas Rowe, who died in 1718, writes: Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget Your paquet parties and your dear Basset. Pope in his Town Eclogue entitled 'The But of what marble must that breast be form'd But who the bowl or rattling dice compares Susan Alport writes to Lady Verney in Paris, on 21 July, 1648, asking her to execute a commission for her "as far as 30 shillings will goe, so much I will bestow on gloves; ye money I use to loose att gleeke"; and in the same 'Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 245,. Mrs. Isham writes in June, 1665 : "Lady Sherard with myself hath beaten oneLady Beamon out of the pitt at ha-penny gleeke: You may think how itt wearied me to play this small game." Mumchance.-Halliwell in his 'Dictionary of Archaic Words' calls it 66 an old game mentioned in Cotgrave; according to some writers, silence was an indispensable requisite, and in Devon a silent stupid person is. called a mumchance." The Imperial Dict.' terms it hazard with cards or dice." 66 a game of There are references to it in Dekker's 66 Gleek, a game played by three persons with forty-four cards, is described in Wit's Interpreter' by Cotgrave (1685), from which extracts are given in Nares's Glossary.' Belman of London' (1608), Cardes are The cards had nicknames. The ace of fetcht, and mumchance or decoy is the trumps was Tid; the knave, Tom. Strutt, game ; and in Alexander Brome's 'Jovial in the introduction to 'Sports and Pastimes Crew' (1652), "I ha' known him ory, when of England,' remarks that Forest, speaking he has lost but three shillings at mumof Catherine of Arragon, says that when she chance." was young she was given "to pastyme at tables, tick-tacke, or gleeke." At 8 S. ii. 148 a correspondent writes :"In Mr. Froude's Divorce of Catherine of Aragon' (p. 443) I read, of John Kite, Bishop of Carlisle, little is known, save that Sir William Kingston said he used to play "penny gleek" with him." Gleek is twice alluded to by Shakspeare: in Midsummer Night's Dream,' III. i., "The more the pity that some honest neighbours will not make them friends. Nay, I can gleek upon occasion"; and in 'Romeo and Juliet,' IV. v., No money, on my faith; but the gleek." 66 : From a passage in Greene's Tu Quoque' (1599) the game seems to have been popular "Come, gentlemen, what's your game? Why, gleek, that's your only game: gleek let it be, for I am persuaded I shall gleek some of you: twelve pence gleek?" In Ben Jonson's The Devil is an Ass,' V. ii., 66 In the old play Albumazar' there is the expression a gleek of marriages": three couples to be married on the same day. In the Verney Memoirs,' vol. i. p. 438, In Cavendish's 'Life of Wolsey,' vol. i. p. 52, a banquet is given at the Cardinal's house in honour of Henry VIII., when a party of strangers, supposed to be noblemen from France, are introduced by the Lord Chamberlain, who informs the King that they, “having understanding of this triumphant banquet, where are assembled such a number of excellent fair dames, could do no less but to repair hither to view as well their incomparable beauty as for to accompany them at Mumchance, and then after to dance with them." Ombre. This game of cards is supposed to have been brought into England by Catherine of Portugal, Queen of Charles II. Halliwell in his Dictionary,' quoting from The Complete Gamester,' ed. 1721, says :— "Three only can play, to whom are dealt 9 cards apiece, so that discarding the eights, nines, and tens, there will remain 13 cards in the stock, there is no trump, but what the player pleases; the first hand has the liberty to play or pass, after him the second, &c." Wycherley in 'The Gentleman Dancing 66 the characteristics of an ill-bred man that he can't play at hombre." See also Wycherley's Country Wife,' II. i., and 'The Plain Dealer' (1674), II. i. In Hudibras,' Part III. canto i. (1668), we have at lines 1006-8 : Love your loves with A's and B's, For these at Beste and L'ombre woo, And play for love and money too. Addison in No. 105 of The Spectator, 20 June, 1711, writes:— "Many a pretty gentleman's knowledge lies all within the verge of the Court, and if the sphere of his observations is a little larger than ordinary, he will perhaps enter into all the incidents, turns, and revolutions in a game of Ombre." In The Spectator, No. 140, 10 Aug., 1711. Steele writes : "I have observed Ladies, gentle, good-humoured, and the very pink of good breeding, who as soon as the Ombre table is called for, and set down to their business, are immediately transmigrated into the veriest wasps in Nature.' Addison in No. 435 of The Spectator, 18 July, 1712, observes : "Ladies of Fashion, when they made any parties of diversion, instead of entertaining themselves at Ombre, would wrestle and pitch the bar for a whole afternoon together." Pope in The Rape of the Lock' alludes frequently to the game. In canto i. ll. 55, 56, we find :— Her joy in gilded chariots, when alive, And love of ombre, after death survive. In canto iii. 11. 25-7, the poet writes : Belinda now, whom thirst of fame invites, Burns to encounter two adventurous knights, At ombre singly to decide their doom. In the following seventy lines the game is described, with its technical names for important cards: Matador, Spadillio, Manillio, Basto. Prior has a poem Upon playing at Ombre with Two Ladies'; and Gay in 1720 in The Tea-Table: a Town Eclogue,' puts these lines into the mouth of Doris : : Since I was last so blest, my dear, she said, Sure 'tis an age! They sate; the hour was set, And all again that night at ombre met. JAMES WATSON. Folkestone. (To be concluded.) EARLY BRITISH NAMES: THEIR INTERPRETATION. (See ante, p. 101.) Isca and related Names.-It will be convenient to consider next some other rivernames, and to begin with those connected with the Celtic words for water, Gaelic uisge, and Welsh dobur, its earliest form.. These, as will be seen below, I have treated as variants-that is, as derived from the same root. As the frequent repetition of the same river-name suggests that such a name is an appellative-generic, not specific -signifying water, and as we found that several river-names involve the root vad or wat of this signification, so we might expect that a large number of river-names would involve the root of the Celtic word for water (uisge); and such is the conclusion to which an examination of many river-names leads. The root appears in a great variety of forms,. as in Sequana, ancient name of the Seine ; Esk, the Isca Silurum of the Romans; in Segontium, ancient name of Carnarvon ; Abersoch (Carnarvonshire); in the rivername Sowe (Warwickshire and elsewhere),. where the g has disappeared; in Esk in Scotland; in Sena, ancient name of the Shannon, and Suir in Ireland; and apparently in the river-names Sabrina and Sombre, the former the ancient name of the Severn. Further, it is, I think, the root involved in the names Biscay,_ Gascony (Vascones of the Romans), and Euskarian the last the name by which the Basque people call themselves, given to them probably from without and not indigenous, as in other cases. Now, by comparing the above names with each other, it will be seen that they can all be derived from a common primitive root svac, which by transposition of the letters might easily be transformed into some such form as vasc, yielding ultimately that seen in uisge (Gaelic for water), in Esk, and Biscay; while by suppression of the v in svac we get Segontium, Sowe, &c. Cf. for suppression of v English son with Greek huios and Latin fi-lius, Gaelic cethir with Latin quatuor. Once more, by changing the s in our postulated root into h we get the form hvac or vac, or by transposition acv. The Welsh word for water (dobur) seems to be thus derived, that is, from such a form as vac, do being a very common Celtic prefix, r a formative element, the guttural disappearing, and the v provected into a b.. The original form of the word would therefore be something like do-vacr. The ancient name of Worcester (Vigorn), now represented by the first syllable, seems to confirm this; and it is in the same way that such names as Yarrow, Aeron (in Wales) and Barrow (in Ireland and Britain), where b represents an original v, are most easily explained, that is, by the loss of a g before the r. In passing we may note that Vigorn, water-place, is comparable with English Eyton, Eaton, Eton, or water town. In the same manner in the names Sena and Suir we have the loss of the guttural; while in Sombre and Sabrina it has apparently passed into a labial. As to the force of the in such names as these and that of the Humber, it may denote plurality or fullness; while in other cases, as do-bur, it may be for original 8, the sign of the nominative case. The recurring river-name Stour seems to be from a previous Sour, passing into Stour, t being euphonic; or, less probably, the st may be a modification of the d in Welsh dour or dur. As another name from the same root, we may also perhaps mention the Swale in Yorkshire, standing for Swigel. Nor must we omit to note that the English word sea may be from this same root svac, and therefore allied to Esk, Sowe, &c., and I think also to the Greek ōk-canos. Lastly, the recurring river-name Avon (Abona of the Romans) seems to belong to this root, being from the form acv above mentioned, yielding ap by the labialization Cf. Greek hippos and Latin equus. It is in fact the same word as Latin aqua, Norse oeg, Sanskrit apa, whence Penjaub, the region of the five rivers. of the e. Now the question here arises-and I put it with some diffidence-Are the two roots vat and vac distinct from each other, or really only different forms of the same root ? I am disposed to think that the latter is the case, the change implied of a dental for a guttural being not of infrequent occurrence, as may be seen by comparing Welsh brattiau with English breeks, W. ffrwd with English brook. But if they are the same, how are we to account for the coexistence in the same language of words derived from either form, as, for example, Norse vand and oeg, of the same meaning? The answer is, By the fusion of two peoples, one using the one form of the word, and the other the other form. For instance, if in Norway there were first a people who used the form seen in oeg, and these were afterwards mixed with a people who used that seen in vand, we might thus account for the phenomenon —that is, by overlapping. The original form of the root for water was (s)vact, which was assimilated in some cases to vace, and in others to vatt. As Latin septem is Gaelic secht, so L. Neptunus is G. Nechtan, the former part of which is seen in Norse Nidd, in the name Ken-Neth (son of Neth or Nidd), and probably in that of Macbeth. This seems to prove the identity of vac and vat. Another corro borative instance is, I think, Vectis (Isle of Wight), which meant, therefore, island. The meaning of the root vact was almost certainly either smooth or soluble, the opposite of solid. are It. What is put forward above is that Gaelic uisge, Welsh dur, and Latin aqua derived from the same primitive root svac, the s representing the breathing, which in some cases eventually disappeared, as in aqua, oeg; and again, that it is not improbable that this root is a variety of that seen in Teutonic water and Greek hudor. seems not improbable for the reason that it is not likely that the ordinary word for water should be different in such nearly allied languages as, for instance, Greek and Latin. But if here I have gone astray, I still regard it as almost certain, from the proximity to each other of Celts and Latins, that Celtic uisge and Latin aqua are the same word. For what is the alternative to this? That the Celtic settlers in Britain adopted the word from their non-Aryan predecessors, which is not likely. It seems, therefore, that the word uisge is Aryan, and not an Iberian or other non-Aryan word. J. PARRY. there is an element common to Keltic and For twenty-one years I have believed that to Baskish. Certain problems ought to be worked out on the hypothesis that the belief may be not unfounded. MR. PARRY may know, or be glad to learn, that the Basks turned Latin vena into mena, in the sense of mine, or vein of metal (and have shortened it into mea) in support of his assertion that This original v passes frequently into m." is because the Basks turn v into b. They also say emon in the west of Baskland, and eman in the east, hereby again confirming his phonetic observations. E. S. DODGSON. 66 CHERTSEY MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS. (See ante, pp. 43, 203.) 15. Near this Spot lies inter'd the Body of the late Mrs. Ann Rowe who departed this life Nov 18th, 1783 | Aged 65 years Also Mrs. Mary Gordon who departed this life June 1st, 1781 Aged 81 years. | Being both the Daughters of Capt. Thomas Goddard of the Army | late of Swindon in Wiltshire, this Tablet is erected by the desire of Samuel Goddard, Esq' of the Royal Navy, their Nephew. 16. [On a brass :] Miss Susannah Meere, late of Chertsey, died 22 July, 1882 | Having by her will bequeathed to the Churchwardens in trust for the Poor | The proceeds of her personal estate, which |