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LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 12, 1906.

CONTENTS.-No. 159.

NOTES:-Orwell Town and Haven, 21-"Shall Trelawny Die?" 23-King's Classical and Foreign Quotations,' 24 -"Buskin"-Pennell's 'Life of Leland Washington Pedigree, 25-Cambridge Booksellers and Printers-The Scots Greys and Grey Horses-Holed-Stone Folk-lore : "Night-hags". Parish Registers: Curious Entries, 26 -Major Hamill of Capri- Edward IV.'s Wooing at Grafton, 27. QUERIES:-John Newbery's Grave-Palimpsest Brass Inscriptions, 27-Goulton Brass-Wordsworth's Primrose -Mrs. Moore's 'Modern Pilgrim's Progress'-GodferyVinir Family, 28-"Posui Deum adjutorem meum' Bewickana-Towns unlucky for Kings-"King Copin": "St. Coppin"-Kennedy Family and Maryland-Bone Deus" in Epitaphs-"Eslyngton": Islington-Jerusalem Court, Fleet Street-Reynolds's Portraits of Miss Greville, 29-Boundaries and Humorous Incidents-CoslettArmy List,' 1642-Cambridge University Chancellor, 1842 Queen Victoria of Spain: Name-Day - Barbadoes: Barbydoys, 30. REPLIES: The Christmas Boys,' 30-Bidding Prayer, 32 -Split Infinitive in Milton-"The Canadian Girl'-Victor Hugo's Property in England-The Admirable Crichton"Over fork: fork over -"Omne bonum Dei donum Bell-Horses, 33-Localities Wanted-Byron's 'Don Juan -Musical Composers as Pianists-Death and the Sinner,' 34-Authors of Quotations Wanted-St. Edith-Roosevelt: its Pronunciation, 35—The Ainsty of York-Californian English: American Coin-Names, 36-Clippingdale -T. Chippendale, Upholsterer, 37 "Searchers Admiral Christ Epitaph-Lady Arbella Johnson, 38. NOTES ON BOOKS:-Lang's Homer and his Age' 'Popular Ballads of the Olden Time'-Reviews and Magazines. Notices to Correspondents.

Notes.

ORWELL TOWN AND HAVEN. "OREWELL " is mentioned by Chaucer in the Prologue to his 'Canterbury Tales,' where the merchant expresses a wish that

the see were kepte for any thinge Bytwyxe Myddelboroughe and Orewell. Prof. Skeat in his notes (v. 30) identifies Orewell with the river of that name, and adds that the spot was formerly known as the port of Orwell; and he comes to the conclusion that the mention of Middelburg in Holland tends to prove that the Prologue was written not earlier than 1384 (? 1382) nor later than 1388, that is, at a time when the wool staple was temporarily located at that Dutch town, and not at Calais. Chaucer of course meant the haven, and not the river, and it has been a moot point among historians whether a town of Orwell has ever existed or not. Two contributions have appeared recently in The English Historical Review on this very much debated question.

The first contributor, Mr. R. G. Marsden, in the 1906 January number of the Review, boldly heads his article 'The Mythical Town of Orwell,' and winds up with the following verdict :

"The result of the evidence seems to be that, notwithstanding the occasional mention of a Villa de Orwell' [in documents between 1229 and 1466], Harwich town and harbour and Orwell haven, there never was a town of that name, but that including its shores and the river up to Ipswich, were sometimes [sic] called Orwell."

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Mr. Marsden admits, however, that if no town of Orwell ever existed, the documents mentioning a "villa de Orwell" require explanation, which he furnishes forthwith. According to him, there seems to have been a tendency amongst the scribes who drew up writs....to invent a town where only a river or harbour existed." (It is very difficult to imagine how a harbour can exist without a town.) The mayor of the town of Orwell," he thinks, is probably a mistake of the same kind. The similarity of old forms of the names of Harwich and Orwell may have also given rise to confusion. Consequently it is not surprising that Orwell, or one of its variants, should have been used for Harwich, and vice versa. Yet we are told that in four documents Orwell appears to be distinguished from Harwich or Ipswich, for those towns are mentioned as well as Orwell.

The four documents in question were duly Idealt with in the October number of the Review by Mr. J. H. Wylie, who joins issue with Mr. Marsden, and maintains that Orwell cannot properly be called a mythical town. Two of the deeds mention Ipswich and Orwell, but not Harwich, and consequently do not help to any definite solution. The third, however, is an order to the bailiffs of certain towns to cause all owners and masters of ships to come to Erewell, in Suffolk (1326); upon the same occasion separate writs were issued to Harwich and Orwell. The fourth document (44 Edward III., 1370) refers to payments to some messengers for going to the mayor and bailiffs of Harwich, and to others for going on similar errands to Ipswich and Orwell. Besides these proofs, Mr. Wylie quotes from Rymer's Foedera a proclamation addressed in 1387 to the bailiffs of the town of Orwell, and another on the same page to the bailiffs of Harwich.

Proofs like the foregoing can be multiplied. Thus the 'Calendar of Patent Rolls of Edward II.' contains the following entries:

1326, 16 Aug. Parliamentary writs appointing four men in the ports and towns of Herewiz and elsewhere in the county of Essex, and three other men in Ipswich, Erewell, and Goseford, the last named being another unknown (i.e. mythical) town, according to Mr. Marsden.

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1325, 22 March. Writ of aid for one year mentioning the appointment, a few years before (14 Edward II.), of collectors in the towns and ports of Oreford, Goseford, Erewell, and Ipswich, all in the county of

Suffolk.

1326, 18 Feb. and 12 April. Commission of oyer and terminer in the suit against Adam Payne, of Arewell, Richard Love and Roger atte Hide, both of Harwich, and many other men, who have carried away 66 cete "found in the a great fish called manor of Walton, in Essex. Mr. Marsden mentions Payne, but not the other two men. A document dated 3 Sept., 1326, about the assembly of ships at Erewell, mentions also the port of Herewiz.

1326, 10 Sept. Appointment of three men to select twelve ships in the towns of Harwich and Ipswich and their members, to be at Orfordnesse on a certain day to repel the enemy if they attempt a landing there while the fleet is assembled at Erewell. Mr. Karl Kunze in his 'Hanseakten aus England' (Halle, 1891) has published some documents which bear upon our subject. They are as under :—

1314, 24 Sept. Patent Roll containing the king's order about a ship seized "in A similar order of portu de Herwico." same date about goods illegally seized in Orwell Haven. A similar order, dated 20 Sept., 1314, about a ship seized in Harwich harbour.

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1403. Complaints of certain merchants of Prussia about the illegal seizure of ships "Danczik " laden with salt. Navis from est apud Orwell.” 1404. Complaint of the consulatus" of Hamburg about the seizure of a ship by the brothers Thomas and John Rudde, who took her "in Norwelle," where they divided with others the cargo. The host of the said brothers "in Norwelle," whose name was Cogghendorp,* received as his share of the spoil 10 lasts of beer (" 10 laste cervisiarum "). We are told elsewhere in the same document that in those days quelibet lasta [cervisie] comprehendit 12 vasa et quelibet lasta taxata est in valorem

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8 nobl."

The last two documents do not mention Harwich, and therefore do not help to any solution, but are of some interest apart from the present controversy.

Mr. Wylie quotes also a document of * About 1378 a ship, whose master was Conrad Westfal, "veniens ad portum Orwell, quidam de Herewich, nomine Cockenthorp ipsam arrestavit" (Hanserecesse,' vol. ìii. p. 192).

navem

1355 mentioning a vicar of Orwell, but, the county not being mentioned, it is quite possible that it refers to the place of the same name which belonged to the diocese of Ely, and was situated in the county of Cambridge, where the Gilbertian canons had a monastery.

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One of the proofs adduced by Mr. Marsden in support of his contention that the name "Orwell of was occasionally used for "Harwich" is that we find sometimes the same ship described indifferently as "of Harwich and "of Orwell," and ships owned in Harwich are called "of Orwell." He cites five examples, to test four of which would necessitate a visit to the Public Record Office. The fifth ship, named the Erasmus, is mentioned in one of the documents quoted, but not in the other, amongst the ships of the Iceland fleet then recently returned to England. Moreover, the Erasmus belonged to a period (i.e., Henry VIII.'s reign), when, as we shall presently see, the town of Orwell was no longer in existence. Two ships out of the other four belonged to a still more recent period, and therefore three out of the five ships prove nothing.

It has already been pointed out by Mr. Wylie that Harwich is in the county of Essex. Orwell, on the other hand, is as a rule referred to in the documents as being in Suffolk; but there are exceptions to this Thus, e.g., a Patent Roll of 14 rule. Henry III. (1230) conveys order to seize all naves in portubus de Erewell et in aliis portubus comitatus Essexie inventas"; and the document is headed De navibus in comitatu Essexie arrestandis." Old Silas Taylor. alias Domville, who wrote in 1676, also tells us that

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an

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"the principal officers of his Majesty's Ordinance in the Tower of London do still (according to former precedents) continue the Writing of LandHistory of guard-Fort in Essex."-Sam. Dale's Harwich and Dovercourt' (London, 1730), p. 15. Some lines lower down, however, the same writer states that south-west of the fort "is the entrance into the Harbour," showing that, as regards the county in which Landguard Fort was situated, he was at variance with the principal officers in the Tower.

The order dated 18 Feb., 1351, to the collectors of the twopenny subsidy in the port of Orewell, as to how to deal with a certain ship driven by tempest into that port, does not state the county, and it is only the modern index that assigns the port to Essex (Cal. of Close Rolls Edward III.').

On the other hand, some explanation is required what power the Sheriff of Essex

And shall Trelawny die, and shall Trelawny die? Then thirty thousand Cornishmen will know the reason why,

is very much older, and is usually associated with the arrest by James II. of Sir Jonathan Trelawny, Bishop of Bristol, one of "the Seven Bishops," in 1688. As sung at dinners of Cornishmen to-day-whether held in or out of the " delectable Duchy "--the number is accustomed to be given as twenty thousand; but a curious piece of evidence has come to light which indicates that the idea of thirty thousand Cornishmen (the number adopted by Macaulay) being ready for some political fight or other was prevalent at the period of the Revolution.

In Michaelmas Term of 1693 an information was exhibited in the Crown Office against Richard Edgecombe for speaking and publishing divers dangerous and seditious words against the Government of William and Mary in the October of that year, he saying that he would fight for King James and endeavour to restore him, and that thirty thousand men were ready. For this he was bound to appear at the next assizes for Cornwall in 1694, holden at Launceston; and, being thoroughly frightened, he petitioned their Majesties, in February, 1694, for a stay of proceedings. The matter was referred to the Attorney-General for report; and that law officer had before him not only Edgecombe's original allegation that the prosecution appeared to be malicious, of which there seems no evidence, but a certificate from the accused attesting his loyalty, and alleging that he was greatly distempered by drink at the time. This combination of pleas weighed with the Attorney-General, who recommended the issue of a warrant for a cessat processus ('Domestic State Papers, William and Mary, 1694-5,' pp. 26, 191); and thus a trial was prevented which must have thrown some light upon the Jacobite movement then seething in Cornwall.

Who was this Richard Edgecombe, however, is not obvious. He could scarcely have been Richard Edgcumbe, of Cotehele, 1st Baron Mount Edgcumbe, and only son of Sir Richard Edgcumbe, of Cotehele and Mount Edgcumbe, one of Charles II.'s Knights of the Bath (made so previously to the coronation in order to attend that ceremony), who had sat for Launceston in the Pensionary Parliament, elected in 1661, and had been returned for Cornwall in March, 1679, October, 1679, and 1681, dying in 1688. This Richard was baptized on 23 April, 1680, and therefore was no more

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(See 10 S. ii. 281, 351; iii. 447.) UNDER 1558, Misericordia Domini inter pontem et fontem," Mr. King refers to the 1636 (fifth) edition of Camden's 'Remaines,' where these words are ascribed to St. Augustine. The passage in the first edition (1605) is on p. 55 of 'Certaine Poemes,' &c., printed, with separate pagination, at the end of the book. The quotation, apparently, is not to be found in Augustine (see 8 S. viii. 518; ix. 258).

Camden presumably made up the 'Remaines' from notes which, in some instances, may have been many years old; but, apart from the question of priority in time, it is worth pointing to the following:

"The mercy of God is never to be despayred of, but still to be expected, even inter pontem et fontem, jugulum et gladium.' Diary of John Manningham, 1602-3,' Camden Soc., 1868, p. 9.

This seems to belong to the year 1602, and is among some brief notes of a sermon by a Mr. Phillips.

The interesting thing is that the fuller form of the quotation in the 'Diary' corresponds with that used by Robert Burton (Anatomy of Melancholy,' near the end of Part I., p. 277 in the first edition, 1621):—

"Thus of their goods and bodies we can dispose, but what shall become of their soules, God alone can tell, his mercy may come inter pontem et fontem, inter gladium et iugulum."

As to Mr. Phillips the editor of the Diary' makes no suggestion, but one may conjecture that he was Edward Philips, "certaine Godly and learned" sermons of whom, delivered in St. Saviour's, Southwark, were taken down and afterwards published (1605) by Henry Yelverton, the future Judge. See Foster's Alumni Oxon.,' vol. iii. p. 1156 (Edward Philipps), and Bliss's edition of Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses,' vol. i. col. 739 (Edward Philips, who died, says Wood, as I guess, in 1603, or thereabouts ").

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I have looked through the sermons, but