15. Indulgence is due to the blindness and infirmities of the human species. We may survey the moral character of Cromwell with that indulgence (if). We shall then not be inclined to load his memory with violent reproaches. His enemies usually throw violent reproaches upon him (such... as).

16. Excuses are made for William III. in connexion with the massacre of Glencoe. One is, that he did not read the warrant. Another is that he did not understand the warrant (either... or). It is a fact that the warrant was signed with unusual care. It was signed both at top and bottom. Some persons had been most active in the affair. It is a fact that these persons were afterwards favoured and promoted. The excuses seem to be contradicted by the facts.

9. ABRIDGMENT.

Exercise 24.

Abridge the following passages by writing in each sentence the principal clause, and such phrases and subordinate clauses only as the sense may require :—

EXAMPLE.

Sir Philip Sidney, at the battle near Zutphen, was wounded by a musket-ball, which broke the bone of his thigh. He was carried to the camp, which was about a mile and a half distant. Being faint with the loss of blood, and probably parched with thirst, through the heat of the weather, he called for drink. It was immediately brought to him: but as he was putting the vessel to his mouth, a poor wounded soldier, who happened at that instant to be carried past him, looked up to it with wistful eyes. The gallant and generous Sidney took the bottle from his mouth, and delivered it to the soldier, saying, "Thy necessity is yet greater than mine."

Sir Philip Sidney was wounded by a musket-ball, which broke the bone of his thigh. He was carried to the camp.

Being faint with the loss of blood, he called for drink.

As

he was putting the vessel to his mouth, a poor wounded soldier looked up to it with wistful eyes. The gallant and generous Sidney delivered him the bottle, saying, "Thy necessity is yet greater than mine."

1. In one of those terrible eruptions of Mount Etna, which .have often happened, the danger of the inhabitants of the adjacent country was uncommonly great. To avoid immediate destruction from the flames, and the melted lava which ran down the sides of the mountain, the people were obliged to retire to a considerable distance. Amidst the hurry and confusion of such a scene (every one fleeing and carrying away whatever he deemed most precious), two brothers, in the height of their solicitude for the preservation of their wealth and goods, suddenly recollected that their father and mother, both very old, were unable to save themselves by flight. Filial tenderness triumphed over every other consideration. "Where," cried the generous youths, "shall we find a more precious treasure than they are, who gave us being, and who have cherished and protected us through life?" Having said this, the one took up his father on his shoulders, and the other his mother, and happily made their way through the surrounding smoke and flames. All who were witnesses of this dutiful and affectionate conduct, were struck with the highest admiration; and they and their posterity ever after called the path which these young men took in their retreat, "The Field of the Pious."

2. Among other excellent arguments for the immortality of the soul, there is one drawn from its perpetual progress toward perfection, without a possibility of ever arriving at it, which I do not remember to have seen opened and improved by others who have written on this subject, though it seems to me to carry very great weight with it. How can it enter into the thoughts of a man, that the soul, which is capable of such immense perfections, and of receiving new improvements to all eternity, shall fall away into nothing,

almost as soon as it is created? A brute arrives at a point of perfection that he can never pass: in a few years he has all the endowments he is capable of; and were he to live ten thousand more, would be the same thing he is at present. Were a human soul thus at a stand in her accomplishments; were her faculties to be full blown, and incapable of further enlargement: I could imagine she might fall away insensibly, and drop at once into a state of annihilation. But can we believe a thinking being, that is in a perpetual progress of improvement, and travelling on from perfection to perfection, after having just looked abroad into the works of her Creator, and made a few discoveries of His infinite goodness, wisdom, and power, must perish at her first setting out, and in the very beginning of her inquiries?

SECTION III. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

The principal members of a compound sentence are co-ordinate with one another.

There are four kinds of co-ordination: Copulative, Alternative, Adversative, and Causative.

Copulative co-ordination is expressed by and. The one proposition is simply added to the other, and both are true; as, 'He is a learned man, and his works are full of interest.'

...

...

Alternative co-ordination is expressed affirmatively by either or, and negatively by neither nor. The propositions exclude one another. When stated affirmatively, one of the contrasted statements is untrue. When stated negatively, both the contrasted statements are untrue; as, 'He is either a learned man, or an uninteresting writer.'

If he is the one, he is not the other.

'He is neither a learned man, nor an interesting writer.' If he is not the one, he is not the other.

Adversative co-ordination is expressed by but, or yet. It implies that the one proposition is contrary to what we should expect from the other; as, 'He is a learned man, but his writings are uninteresting;' 'His writings are uninteresting, yet he is a learned man.'

Since he is a learned man, we should expect his writings to be interesting, but (on the contrary) they are uninteresting.

Causative co-ordination is expressed by for. The second proposition states the cause of the truth of the first; as, 'As he is a learned man, we expected his writings to be interesting; for the works of learned men are generally so.'

1. ENLARGEMENT.

Exercise 25.

Complete the following compound sentences by the addition of co-ordinate clauses:

(a) Copulative.

(b) Alternative.

(c) Adversative. (d) Causative.

EXAMPLE.

(c)

Every man desireth to live long

Every man desireth to live long, but no man would be old. The ground, in that dry season, was completely parched (a)

The people could place no reliance on the king's

The ship has gone down as stated

(d)

word

His father was a sensible man

(c)

he may enter, he is sure to succeed

(b)

Whatever profession

(d)

One of the

(a)

allies was already in the field

(b)

not gain by their obstinacy

The genius making me

no answer, I turned about to address myself to him a second

(c)

time

(a)

Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride

His grief for the doctor is inconsolable

Every man knows what he is

(c)

(d)

The sentence was

(b)

unjust

2. CONTRACTION.

Exercise 26.

Contract the following sentences by omitting elements common to different clauses:→

EXAMPLES.

(a) Death does not spare the rich, and death does not forget the poor.

Death neither spares the rich nor forgets the poor.

(b) Food is a necessary of life, and air is a necessary of life.

Food and air are necessaries of life.

Marlborough was a great general, but Marlborough was an unscrupulous man. Dryden was a great master of versification, and Pope was a great master of versification. The wall of China is evidence of a rich nation, and the wall of China is evidence of a populous nation, but the wall of China is also evidence of an effeminate nation. Men of courage defend themselves by the sword; but men of courage do not defend themselves by bulwarks. Diligence is a material duty of the young, and industry is a material duty of the young, and the proper improvement of time is a material duty of the young. Man sometimes mistakes his