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and, rising on a wave far above our lee-quarter, shook the water from her drenched head, as if in delight to find her shelter again.

The chains were fastened, and I never pulled with such right goodwill on a rope as on the one that brought that boat up the vessel's side. As the heads of the crew appeared over the bulwarks, I could have hugged the brave fellows in transport. As they stepped on deck, not a question was asked-no report given-but " Forward, men!" broke from the captain's lips. The vessel was trimmed to meet the blast; and we were again bounding on our way. If that squall had pursued the course of all the former ones, we must have lost our crew; but when nearest the boat (and it seemed to me the foam was breaking not a hundred rods off), the wind suddenly veered, and held the cloud in check, so that it swung round close to our bows.

III. The poor sailor was gone; he came not back again. It was his birthday (he was twenty-five years old), and, alas! it was his death-day. Whether, a bold swimmer, he saw at a distance his companions hunting hopelessly for him, and, finally, with his heart growing cold with despair, beheld them turn back to the ship, and the ship itself toss its spars away from him for ever; or whether the sea soon took him under, we know not. We saw him no more; and a gloom fell on the whole ship. There were but few of us in all, and we felt his loss. It was a wild and dark night; death had been among us, and had left us with sad and serious hearts. And as I walked to the stern, and looked back on the foam and tumult of the vessel's wake, in which the poor sailor had disappeared, I instinctively murmured the mariner's hymn, closing with the sincere prayer-"Oh, sailor boy, sailor boy! peace to thy soul!"—Headley.

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4. A Visit to a Mine.

5. A Day in London.

6. A Review, and Sham Fight.

8. A Yachting Expedition. 9. A Trial.

10. A Visit to a Paper-Mill. 11. A Storm at Sea.

7. A Parliamentary Election. 12. A State of Siege.

2. BIOGRAPHICAL NARRATION.

Biographical Essays relate the incidents in the lives of distinguished persons. An essay of this kind should give prominence to those events on which the fame of its subject chiefly depends.

GENERAL OUTLINE.

I. Description.-Brief general statement of position and character.

II. Birth and Early Life.-Time and place of birth; parentage; the surroundings of childhood; anecdotes. III. Education and Choice of Profession.-Schools; university, or other place of education; companions; influences bearing on the mind; considerations leading to the choice of a profession.

IV. Career. Different stages and appointments; events in public life; characteristic labours; events in private life; friendships; works, etc.

V. Death. Its cause and accompanying circumstances; age; burial.

VI. Character.-Estimate of in detail; the lessons of the

life.

Exercise 92.

Write biographical essays on the following subjects:

1. SIR WALTER SCOTT.

I. Description. The prince of historical novelists-poet, historian, and essayist.

II. Birth and Early Life.-Born at Edinburgh, 15th August 1771-His father a W.S.; of an old Border family, the Scotts of Harden-A delicate child.

III. Education and Choice of Profession.—(1778) Goes to High School of Edinburgh; an idle scholar, fond of story-telling; a poet at twelve-(1784) Goes to the University-Apprenticed to his father as Writer to the Signet (1781) Joins the Speculative SocietyBecomes acquainted with Jeffrey-(1792) Called to the Bar.

IV. Career.-Moderate success at the Bar-Collects Border ballads-Translations from Goethe-(1797) Marries Miss Carpenter-Made Sheriff of Selkirkshire— (1802) Publishes the Border Minstrelsy-(1805-1815) Poems published-(1810) Becomes a publisher-Purchases Abbotsford—(1814) Waverley (first novel) published-Two or three novels published every year till 1825-(1826) Failure of Constable; Scott ruined -(1827) Acknowledges the authorship of the Novels -Works hard to repay his creditors, clears off £76,000 in four years.

V. Death.-Injures his health-(1831) Stroke of paralysis -Goes abroad-Returns to Abbotsford to die, 21st September 1832-Buried in Dryburgh Abbey, 26th September.

VI. Character.-As a novelist-as a poet-as a man--great courage and determination in the face of adversity.

2. Samuel Johnson.

3. Addison.

4. Raleigh.

5. Cromwell.

6. Pitt.

7. Clive.

8. Alfred the Great.

9. Charlemagne.

10. Napoleon Bonaparte.

11. Wallenstein.

12. Joan d'Arc.

13. Mary Stuart.
14. Julius Cæsar.

15. Socrates.

3. HISTORICAL NARRATION.

Historical Essays relate the successive incidents of a historical event, or the leading transactions in a period, as wars, battles, sieges, revolutions, etc.

GENERAL OUTLINE.

I. Introduction.-The historical connexion of the event, the occasion, time, and place of its oc

currence.

II. Narrative.-The incidents in the order of their occurrence, description of important places, and persons, connected with it.

III. Result.-Whether successful in accomplishing the objects of its promoters.

IV. Reflections.--On the general character and consequences of the event as a whole.

Exercise 93.

Write historical essays on the following subjects:-
1. THE NORMAN CONQUEST.

I. Introduction.-Events which led up to the conquestEdward the Confessor, a Frenchman by education and long residence in France-A weak ruler-Introduced French friends and habits in England-Visited by Duke William-His character and designsHarold's alleged oath to William-Death of Edward, 5th January 1066.

II. Narrative. Harold proclaimed king-Disappointment of William-He resolves upon invasion-His preparations His forces, archers, mailed pikemen, knights in armour-The Pope blesses his bannerInvasion of Tostig and Harold Hardrada in the north -Battle of Stamford Bridge (25th September)-The Normans land at Pevensey (29th September)-Alarm of Harold-Marches southward to meet them-Battle

of Senlac, near Hastings (14th October)-Valour of the English-William's horse killed, and he reported dead-The Normans give way, but William reappears and rallies them-Flight of Norman arrows -Harold struck down-The English feign flight-It becomes real, and William is conqueror--Harold buried on the beach (afterwards in Waltham Abbey).

III. Result.-William marches to Dover-Indecision of the Witan-William ravages the country around London -He is offered the crown by Stigand and others— Crowned on Christmas day.

IV. Reflections.-Change of dynasty-New nobility-England prepared for the changes-Effect on laws, manners, customs, language, and literature.

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4. The French Wars of Ed- 11. The Relief of Leyden.

ward III.

5. The Wars of the Roses. 6. The Civil War.

12. The French Revolution. 13. The American War of

7. The Battle of Bannock- 14. burn.

8. The Siege of Acre.

Independence.

The Indian Mutiny.

15. The Franco-German War (1870-71).

SECTION III.-DISCURSIVE ESSAYS.

A Discursive Essay treats of an abstract subject. It contains a connected series of reflections and remarks upon it, without following any uniform plan of treatment. A separate outline of heads must therefore be prepared for each subject.

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