and thousands, inflamed with their spirit, and impatient to tread in their steps, are ready to swear by Him that sitteth upon the throne and liveth for ever and ever, that they will protect Freedom in her last asylum, and never desert that cause, which they sustained by their labours, and cemented with their blood.

2. Strike the harp in praise of Bragela, whom I left in the isle of mist, the spouse of my love. Doth she raise her fair face from the rock to find the sails of Cuthullin? The sea is rolling far distant, and its white foam will deceive her for my sails. My love will retire, for it is night, and the dark wind sighs in her hair. She will retire to the hall of my feasts, and think of the times that are past; for I will not return till the storm of war is gone.

3. Thus passes the world away. Throughout all ranks and conditions, 'one generation passeth, and another generation cometh;' and this great inn is by turns evacuated and replenished by troops of succeeding pilgrims. The world is vain and inconstant. Life is fleeting and transient. When will the sons of men learn to think of it as they ought? When will they learn humanity from the afflictions of their brethren; or moderation and wisdom, from the sense of their own fugitive state?

6. METONYMY.

Metonymy is the figure which interchanges correlative terms: for example, it transposes―

I. The abstract and the concrete. It generally puts the concrete for the abstract; as, the crown, the sceptre, for royalty. It also puts the abstract for the concrete; as, Her Majesty for the Queen. It sometimes puts one concrete for another; as, the bottle for wine.

II. The author and his works; as Shakespeare, for his

plays.

III. A part and the whole; as, sail for ships; hands for

workpeople.

Exercise 80.

Find a Metonymy for each of the following terms:

No useless coffin enclosed his breast.

No useless coffin enclosed his body: A prominent part put for the whole.

O grave, where is thy victory? The country was devastated by the sword. The power of the press is very great. In summer he occupies himself with the rod, in autumn with the gun. Constantine assumed the purple while in Britain. He is a great admirer of Wordsworth. Clive soon abandoned the pen for the sword. He has injured his health by his fondness for the weed. Every French soldier carries a baton in his knapsack. Three summers passed before we met again. In the allied fleet, there were thirtythree sail of the line. Paris declared for the red flag. He is studying for the bar. The old man takes his daily walk

in the sun. Silver and gold have I none. Pride and poverty are indifferent to death. The commercial crisis has shaken several of the greatest houses in Liverpool. One farmer has lost fifty head by the cattle disease.

7. HYPERBOLE.

Hyperbole, or Exaggeration, is that figure by which an object is magnified or diminished beyond its natural bounds; as, 'I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth; so that if a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered;' 'He possessed a field of smaller extent than a Lacedæmonian letter.'

The following rules ought to be observed in the use of Hyperbole :

I. A Hyperbole should never be introduced in the description of anything ordinary and familiar. II. A Hyperbole cannot be introduced with propriety till the mind of the reader is duly prepared.

III. A Hyperbole should be comprehended in as few words as possible.

Exercise 82.

Represent the following subjects by Hyperbole :

EXAMPLE.

An interesting and impressive speech.

His speech was so deeply interesting and impressive, that the very walls listened to his arguments, and were moved by his eloquence.

1. Thebrightness of a lighted room.

2. The splendour of a dress ornamented with jewels.

3. The number of persons in a crowd.

4. The quantity of rain which falls in a shower.

5. The thirst of an individual by the quantity of liquid he

consumes.

6. The size of a country by the rising and setting of the

sun.

7. The affliction caused by the death of a distinguished individual.

8. ANTITHESIS.

Antithesis, or Contrast, is a figure of arrangement, by which two objects or sentiments are represented in opposition; as, 'If you regulate your desires according to the standard of nature, you will never be poor; if according to the standard of opinion, you will never be rich.'

The principal rule to be observed in the use of Antithesis is, that it should be introduced sparingly, and only when the points of contrast are obvious and natural.

Exercise 83.

Represent the following subjects in Antithesis

EXAMPLE.

A wise man and a fool.

A wise man endeavours to shine in himself; a fool, to outshine others. The former is humbled by the sense of his own infirmities; the latter is lifted up by the discovery of the infirmities which he observes in others. The wise man considers what he wants; and the fool, what he abounds in. The wise man is happy when he gains his own approbation; and the fool, when he recommends himself to the applause of those about him.

1. Pride and humility.

2. Temperance and exercise.
3. Cheerfulness and mirth.

4. Discretion and cunning.
5. True and false modesty.
6. True honour and religion.

9. CLIMAX.

Climax is a figure of arrangement, by which every succeeding object or circumstance is made to rise above that which preceded; as, 'It is highly criminal to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him is enormous guilt; to kill him is almost parricide; but by what name shall I designate the crucifying of him?'

Exercise 84.

Arrange the members in each of the following passages so as to form a Climax :

EXAMPLE.

What a piece of work is man! in action how like an angel! how noble in reason! in apprehension how like a god! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving how express and admirable!

What a piece of work is man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god!

1. Nothing can be more worthy of us, than to contribute to the happiness of those who have been once useful, and are still willing to be so; to be a staff to their declining days; to make the winter of old age wear the aspect of spring; to allow them not to feel the want of such enjoyments as they are now unable to procure; and to smooth the furrows on the faded cheek.

2. The history of every succeeding generation is this. New objects attract the attention; new intrigues engage the passions of men; new actors come forth on the stage of the world; a new world, in short, in the course of a few