analogous to that of the hypnotic subject, though in all other respects he may be wide awake.

In both hypnotism and Christian Science it is the fixed idea in the mind of the patient-placed there by the healer or operator, or suggested by a book or elaborated by the patient's own reasoning-that accomplishes the result through its tendency to "generate its actuality."

In hypnotism we find no occultism, but rather a practice making use of perfectly natural laws and having its legitimate place in therapeutics. It is perfectly harmless, and the only possible danger from it comes from ignorance of its nature.

Finally, Divine Healing, as commonly understood, has no foundation for its theory. Not only are all its results readily accounted for by the laws of mind, but its results are not as great as those of the avowed mental healer.

The theory of Divine Healing is, if we mistake not, a positive perversion of religion. Nothing is more strongly shown by our study, than that the most striking and most successful cures are wrought by drawing the patient out from himself and his disease and fixing his attention on things higher and beyond himself. The thought that is fixed on another's interests is removed from one's own diseases, and the organs thus freed from attention have a chance to recover. Do not dwell on your ills, is the key note of it all. This is the truth which Mrs. Eddy has so travestied in her doctrine that sin and disease do not exist.

Now this altruism, which is thus seen to be the gist of all mental healing, is the very essence of Christianity. Religion has in it all there is in mental therapeutics, and has it in its best form. It teaches temperance in the broadest sense, high ideals and dependence upon the Highest alone. This preserves those who know it, by practice as well as by precept, from most of the ills that make up the list of those curable by mental methods. But further, it teaches a wise submission to the inevitable, a freedom from care and worry and the spirit of hopefulness. And these are the exact conditions aimed at by all mental practices. Living up to these ideas will do everything for us that can be done.

The state of mind has a powerful influence over the body, both for the cause and the cure of disease. Lofty thoughts, high ideals, and hopeful disposition, are able to cure many diseases, to assist recovery in all curable cases, and retard dissolution in all others.

Whatever the fundamental relation of mind and body may be, the aim of all conscious effort relative to physical wellbeing, should be to become unconscious of the organic life and its functioning.

The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the members of the Psychological Faculty of Clark University for numerous suggestions-especially to President Hall for continual co-operation and help on the study, and to Dr. E. C. Sanford for valuable help throughout the work, and for advice and criticism in the final revision of the manuscript; also to the librarian, Louis N. Wilson, for his kindness in procuring desired books. For the paper itself, the writer is solely responsible.

To persons outside of the University, an acknowledgment is also due, but they are too numerous to be mentioned by name. Physicians, clergymen, "Healers," and patients have been uniformly kind and courteous, and have freely contributed the data, without which the study would have been impossible. To them, one and all, I desire to express my thanks.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF A PROTOZOAN.

By H. S. JENNINGS.

The nature of the psychic activities of unicellular organisms has of late become the object of considerable interest, though little work dealing with the problems in a fundamental way has been published since the researches of Verworn. The writer has recently made a perhaps more thorough study of the life activities of a typical infusorian, Paramecium, than has ever been made heretofore of any unicellular organism; the results of this study have been published in a number of papers in physiological journals. This work was not done primarily from the psychological standpoint, and the papers referred to give nowhere a full and connected account of the bearings of these studies upon the psychological problems presented by the behaviour of the Paramecia. Yet taken together they enable an almost complete presentation to be given of the psychology of this animal; while there is reason to believe that Paramecium is in this matter typical of nearly or quite the whole class to which it belongs. In the present paper an attempt is made to bring together succinctly the observations which bear upon the psychic powers of this organism, in such a way as to present a complete outline of its psychology.

Paramecium is well known in every biological laboratory, living by thousands in pond water containing decaying vegetable matter. It is a somewhat cigar-shaped creature, about one-fifth of a millimeter in length, plainly visible to the naked eye as an elongated whitish speck. The entire surface of the animal is covered with cilia, by means of which it is in almost constant motion.

Now what are the phenomena in the life of Paramecium which require explanation from a psychological standpoint?

Examination shows that under normal conditions Paramecia

1 Studies on Reactions to Stimuli in Unicellular Organisms. I. Reactions to Chemical, Osmotic, and Mechanical Stimuli in the Ciliate Infusoria. Journal of Physiology, May, 1897, Vol. XXI, pp. 258-322. II. The Mechanism of the Motor Reactions of Paramecium. American Journal of Physiology, May, 1899, Vol. II, pp. 311-341. III. Reactions to Localized Stimuli in Spirostomum and Stentor. American Naturalist, May, 1899, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 373-389. IV. Laws of Chemotaxis in Paramecium. American Journal of Physiology, May, 1899, Vol. II, pp. 355-379.