cles of life and thought, that they habitually ignore many of the conditions of human existence which lie outside of their own narrow limits of society and sympathy; or, by such as wink their eyes to the great truth in this matter, in order to work out some small purpose of their own. Wherever there is ignorance at all, there is too much of it; and it cannot be too soon nor too effectually removed, especially by those who are wise enough to see the crippling and infectious malignities of its nature. In fact, any man who is truly illumined as to the nature of ignorance will feel such a constraining necessity laid upon him to dispel the dangerous blight, that he would hold it as one of the most earnest and noble ends of his life. That portion of our population which hears next to nothing, and understands less, of politics and the laws-any laws whatever-is nevertheless compelled to obey the laws, right or wrong, and whatever strange mutations they may be subject to; and is thus continually drifted to and fro by conflicting currents of legislation which it cannot see; currents of legislation which sometimes rise from sources where there exists, unfortunately, more love for ruling than for enlightening. Many changes come over the social condition of this blind multitude, they know not whence, nor how, nor why. The old song says:

"Remember, when the judgment's weak,
The prejudice is strong."

And, certainly, that part of the popular voice which is raised upon questions respecting which it has little or no sound. information, must be considerably swayed by prejudice, and by that erratic play of unenlightened, unbridled feeling, which has no safer government than the ephemeral circumstances which chase each other off the field of time. Shrewd demagogues know well how prostrate is the position of this uneducated "mass, as it is called; and they have a stock of oldfashioned tricks, by which they can move it to their own ends as easy as lying." He who knows the touches of this passive

instrument, can make it discourse the music he desires; and, unhappily, that is not always airs from heaven.

"'Tis the time's plague,

When madmen lead the blind."

Now, the educated classes have all the wide field of ancient learning open to them, they can pasture where they will; and the stream of present knowledge rushing by-they can drink as they list. Whatever is doing in politics, too, they hear of, whilst these things are yet matters of public dispute; and, in some degree, they understand and see the drift of them, and, therefore, can throw such influence as in them lies into one or the other scale of the matter. This boasted outdoor parliament-this free expression of public opinion in England, however, as I have said before, goes no farther down among the people than education goes. Below that point lies a land of fretful slaves, dungeoned off by ignorance from the avenues which lead to freedom; and, they mostly drag out their lives in unwilling subservience to a legislation, the origin and nature of which is beyond their ken. Their ignorance keeps them dumb; and, therefore, their condition and wants are neither so well known, nor so often or so well expressed as those of the educated classes. They seldom complain, however, until the state of affairs begins to press them to great extremities, and then their principal exponents are mobs, and fierce uproars of desperation. It is plain that where there is society, there must be law, and obedience to that law must be somehow enforced, even among those who know nothing of the law, as well as those who defy it; but my principal quarrel is against that ignorant condition of theirs which shuts them out from any reasonable hope of ever exercising their rights as men and citizens; and, so long as that ignorance of theirs is unnecessarily continued, the very enforcement of laws among them, the nature of which they have no chance of knowing, looks, to me, very like injustice. I see a rather remarkable difference, however, between the

character of the majority of popular movements which have agitated the people for some time past, and that great, successful one, the repeal of the corn laws. The agitation. of that question, I believe, awakened and enlisted a greater breadth of the understanding sympathy of the nation, among all classes, than was ever brought together upon any one popular question which has been agitated within the memory of man; but, it did more than this-and, herein lies one of the great foundation stones which shall hold it firm a while, I think;-since it has passed into a law, its effects have most efficiently convinced, and won over, that dumb, uneducated multitude of the labouring poor, who could not very well understand, and did not care much for the mere disputation of the question. Everybody has a stomach of some sort—and, it frequently happens that when the brain is not very active, the stomach is particularly so-so that, where it could not penetrate the understanding, it has by this time triumphantly reached the stomach, and now sits there, smiling complacent defiance to any kind of sophistry that would coax it thenceforth again. The loaves of free trade followed the tracts of the League, and the hopes of protectionist philosophers are likely to be "adjourned, sine die," for this generation, at least,—perhaps much longer; for the fog is clearing up a little, and, I think I see, in the distance, a rather better education getting ready for the next generation,

"O for the coming of that glorious time

When, prizing knowledge as her noblest wealth
And best protection, this imperial realm,
While she exacts allegiance, shall admit

An obligation, on her part, to teach

Them who are born to serve her and obey;
Binding herself by statute to secure

For all the children whom her soil maintains,
The rudiments of letters."

THE COTTAGE OF TIM BOBBIN,

AND THE VILLAGE OF MILNROW.

"If thou on men, their works and ways,
Canst throw uncommon light, man;
Here lies wha weel had won thy praise,
For Matthew was a bright man.
If thou art staunch without a stain,
Like the unchanging blue, man;
This was a kindsman o' thy ain,
For Matthew was a true man.

If thou hast wit, and fun, and fire,

And ne'er good wine did fear, man;
This was thy billie, dam, and sire,
For Matthew was a queer man."

BURNS.

It is not in its large towns that the true type of the natives of Lancashire can be seen. The character of its town population is greatly modified by amalgamation with settlers from distant quarters. Not so in the country parts, because the tenancy of land, and employment upon it, are sufficiently competed by the natives; and, while temptations to change of settlement are fewer, the difficulties in the way of changing settlement, are greater there than in towns. Country people, too, stick to the old sod, with hereditary love, as long as they can keep soul and body together upon it, in any honest way. As numbers begin to press upon the means of living, the surplus fights its way in cities, or in foreign lands; or lingers out a miserable life in neglected corners, for want of work, and want of means to fly, in time, to a market where it might, at least, exchange its labour for its life. The growth of manufacture and railways, and the perpetual inroads of hordes of destitute, down-trodden Irish, are truly stirring up Lan

cashire, and changing its features, in an unparalleled way; and this change is rapidly augmented by a varied infusion of new human elements, attracted from all quarters of the kingdom by the immense increase of capital, boldly and promptly embarked in new inventions, and ever-developing appliances of science, by a people remarkable for enterprise and industry. Still, he who wishes to see the genuine descendants of those old Saxons who came over here some fourteen hundred years ago, to help the Britons of that day to fight for their land, and remained to farm it, and govern in it; let him ramble through the villages on the western side of Blackstone Edge. He will there find the open manners, the independent bearing, the steady perseverance, and that manly sense of right and wrong, which characterised their old Teutonic forefathers. There, too, he will find the fair comeliness, and massive physical constitution of those broad-shouldered farmer-warriors, who made a smiling England out of an island of forests and bogs,—who felled the woods, and drained the marshes, and pastured their quiet kine in the ancient lair of the wild bull, the boar, and the wolf.

Milnrow is an old village, a mile and a half eastward from the Rochdale station. The external marks of its antiquity are now few, and much obscured by the increase of manufacture there, but it is, for many reasons, well worth a visit. It is part of the fine township of Butterworth, enriched with many a scene of mountain beauty. A hardy moor-end race, half farmers, half woollen weavers, inhabit the district; and their rude, but substantial cottages and farmsteads, often perch picturesquely about the summits and sides of the hills, or nestle pleasantly in pretty green holms and dells, which are mostly watered by rambling rivulets, from the moorland heights which bound the township on the east. There is also, a beautiful lake, three miles in circumference, filling a green valley, up in the hills, about a mile and a half from the village. Flocks of sea fowl often rest on this water, in

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