estimate), the entire expense of the treatment of one thousand two hun dred and six vines was $12.10, or about 1 cent per vine. Where the treatment of vines is on a larger scale and materials purchased at wholesale prices, the expense will of course be less. I think it safe to say that, with proper management and timely applications of the mixture, the expense of treating a vineyard of from 2 to 5 acres with Bordeaux mixture need in no case exceed 1 cent per vine. CONCLUDING NOTES. In the treatment of vines for the prevention of fungous diseases many questions of detail arise with the beginner. This year's experience teaches me that the following points are important: It is futile to undertake the work of combating fungi with cheap, unsuitable pumps which spatter all the exposed parts of the vine with a superabundance of the fungicide, but do not reach the inner parts where the pests revel in security. A good spraying machine, such as the Eureka proves to be, will much more than pay for itself in a single season on 1 acre of diseased vines. In the use of the Eureka, with improved Vermorel nozzle, there is scarcely any waste of the mixture, while with unwieldy barrel pumps, etc., the waste is very great. Summer pruning should be rigidly practiced. By the taking out of the lateral shoots at each joint, and the curtailment of the growth of the vine by pinching off the tips of the growing canes, there is left much less vine to spray, and the way is opened for the admission of the spray to the inner parts of the vine and the fruit. A vine that has not been summer pruned can not be thoroughly sprayed after the shoots have attained a length of 2 to 3 feet. Summer pruning gives the additional advantage of removing young and tender foliage on which the fungous spores are more apt to "take." It is of the utmost importance to spray vines before, rather than after, a rain. Unless vines are already well protected with the mixture from a previous application they should be promptly treated. When rain sets in it may continue until after infection has taken place, when treatment will be too late. Where the spray has had time to dry upon the vine no ordinary rain of short duration will wash off Bordeaux mixture sufficiently to expose the vine and fruit to serious danger. A safe rule is to begin early and keep the vines blue, spraying as often as necessary for this purpose. It is better to remove new foliage by summer pruning than to spray it. Mildew often makes a violent attack upon the vine after the blackrot fungus has passed its period of active growth. Late treatments to prevent mildew should not be omitted where this fungus has previously wrought much damage. Such late treatments will not only prevent mildew and anthracnose, but will destroy numerous spores of the black-rot fungus also, and thus decrease disease for the next year. |