and disabled teachers, similar to those established in many parts of Germany.

RUSSIA. The Roosoki Kooryer gives figures showing that 266 students were expelled from Moscow University during the present academic year, most of them, no doubt, for political causes. The career of these young men is entirely lost.

The "Damen-Universität" (University for Women) in St. Petersburg reported, recently, 980 students and 42 assistants. Of this number 150 attend the lectures on physics; 50, those on chemistry; and 100, those on physiology.

SWITZERLAND.

The federal constitution provides that primary instruction shall be placed exclusively under the civil authority; that it shall be obligatory, and in the public schools gratuitous. The article adds: “The confederation shall take necessary measures against cantons which do not fulfill these obligations." In the absence of an explicit law, the confederation has not been able to carry out these measures satisfactorily, and the progressive party recognizes the necessity of a law upon primary instruction; here they are opposed by the Catholics and conservative Protestants Two years ago the federal council proposed to the Chambers the creation. of the office of "Secretary of Public Instruction." The proposition remained in suspense until April, 1882, when it was carried by a vote of 86 against 30. June 14 the "Council of the States" ratified the decision of the National Council. The enemies of progress will not rest the matter here. By the terms of the constitution all decisions of the Chambers may be submitted to popular vote upon the demand of 30,000 citizens. The chiefs of the clerical conservative opposition are straining every nerve to secure the requisite 30,000 signatures.

ITALY. -The educational budget for 1882 gives a total estimate of $5,088,478; upwards of $880,000 were for elementary schools; $750,000 for technical schools; $1,500,000 for the seventeen state universities. The total number of pupils in the state universities and other superior institutions, in 1881-'82, was 13,126. This number does not include students of theology who receive their training in the Episcopal seminaries of the severa! dioceses. The Minister of Public Instruction, Baccelli, is deeply interested in primary schools, but finds little coöperation in the Chambers. A royal decree of May 28 instituted an examination for the highest class of the elementary schools prior to the pupils leaving that grade. The examining board is to consist of the class-teacher, another teacher appointed by the municipality, a professor from a gymnasium and one from a technical school, and a school-inspector as presiding officer. Pupils passing the examination receive a diploma which entitles them to admission to the lowest class of any gymnasium or technical school. This decree brings the elementary grades into intimate connection with the secondary.

SPAIN. A National Pedagogic Congress was held in Madrid, beginning May 28. At the opening session the King and all the members of the foreign diplomatic corps were present, and the King made an address. More than a thousand teachers were in attendance. Thirty-three conclusions were affirmed by the Congress, among them the following relating to primary education: A special inspector of primary education should be appointed; primary instruction should have special representation in the council of public instruction; primary instruction ought to be obligatory and gratuitous; manual training should be introduced in the infant schools, but not continued in the primaries; the kindergarten presents superior advantages to other kinds of infant schools; the salaries of female teachers should be equal to those of males. The Catholic journals discover in the omission of religious instruction in the programme of the normal course for teachers of infant schools a step toward placing the schools under the laity

NORWAY.-The University at Christiana comprises five faculties, all filled by persons of known merit. The students numbered 732 in 1881. Candidates for admission must be 17 years of age, and pass the required examination. Students of medicine study from six to eight years, and then receive (upon passing a described examination) the title of "laege" (physician). They generally receive their doctor's degree in some other country. Four years is given to legal studies, and a rigid examination is required at the close. The course in theology also extends over four years.

JAPAN. The seventh annual report (1879) of the Japanese Minister of Education states that there are 28,025 common schools in Japan, of which 16,710 are public, and the remainder private. The increase over the previous year is 1,316 of the former class and 125 of the latter. The number of high schools is 107 public and 677 private, the increase being 42 and 63 respectively. Many kindergarten and primary schools have also been established. The private schools play a most important part in Japanese national progress. Many of them have hundreds of students attracted by the fame of a single teacher, The most celebrated of these leaders of youth is Mr. Fukusawa of Tokio, whose translations from European books and original works on the political and social questions of the day are read far and wide in Japan. The students of this gentleman fill many of the most important offices in the State. Long after the ordinary course with their teacher is finished, and the young men have gone out into the world to do for themselves, they contrive to reside near him and to study under his direction. A number of his students recently formed themselves into a patriotic society and established a newspaper, in which the acts of the government are freely criticised.

PUBLISHER's note.

The following plates accompany the article on "Manual Education in Public Schools," which appeared in the last number of EDUCATION. References to the figures in the plates, by number, were made in the article, but the plates were not lithographed in time to appear in the June-July No. of the magazine, and are therefore presented at this time. Particular attention is called to the plan of making the industrial drawing, which is a prominent feature of education in most well-conducted schools, a means of conveying thought and of receiving ideas and illustrating each in concrete form. This logical development of the scheme of object-teaching and its application to manual instruction is well calculated to illustrate the importance of such work as Mr. Marvel's article suggests, and to indicate clearly its intimate relation to work already in successful operation in public schools.

While words, spoken and written, are of great value in the expression of exact thought, the employment of diagrams and objects to convey ideas add materially to the clearness and exactness of one's apprehension of ideas, and add the training in verification by which the impressions gained by reading the statements and inspecting the diagrams are proved by the actual manifestation and study of the objects described.

A careful study of these plates, in connection with the article in the last number of EDUCATION, will enable those interested in the subject to gain a very full idea of the work which is described.