TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PREFACE.-9-10.

INTRODUCTORY. Propositions to be proved. - Prosperity

always coincident with reign of protective principles; hard times

always coincident with reign of free-trade principles.-11.

CHAPTER I.

PRELIMINARY VIEW.—Great Britain's tyrannical policy toward

American colonies.-Henry C. Carey's condensed statement of

oppressive restrictions.-Thomas Jefferson's scathing arraignment

of those measures.-Policy denounced by Adam Smith.-Colonial

resistance to slavish dependence on mother country.-Efforts of

Continental Congress to encourage home production.—Industrial

freedom an object no less than political liberty.-11-17.

CHAPTER II.

UNDER THE CONFEDERATION.-Trade and industry of the

States.-Free-trade provision in Constitution of Confederation.—

Mathew Carey witnesses that ports were open, with scarcely any

duties. Other testimony to same effect.-Free ports in New Jer-

sey.-State jealousy and retaliation.—Inundation of foreign mer-

chandise and its disastrous consequences.-All classes involved in

calamity.-Corroboratory views of Chief-Justice Marshall and

Daniel Webster.-British merchants monopolize trade of import-

ing cities. Dutch Minister's dispatch to his government on this

subject.-Intelligence thereon from New York City.-18-26.

CHAPTER III.

UNDER THE CONFEDERATION-Continued.-Bankruptcy, ruin,

distress, and apprehension.-Sample pamphlet of those times; its

contents: False notions about value of foreign trade; influx of

manufactures from Europe and Asia; in debt to other nations;

exhaustive drain of specie; impoverished people; willful neglect

of home resources; domestic manufactures clear gain to com-

munity; prosperity to be restored by restricting imports and

encouraging native production.-27-32.

CHAPTER IV.

UNDER THE CONFEDERATION-Continued.-Wild mania for
speculation. Spread and increase of pecuniary entanglement.-
Attributed to heavy excess of imports over exports.-People

deprived of opportunity to engage in productive industry.-

Farmers without remunerative market.-Community divided into

hostile factions of debtors and creditors.-33-40.

CHAPTER V.

UNDER THE CONFEDERATION -

-

Continued.- Embarrassment

and suffering universal.-Due to great scarcity of money resulting

from exports of specie to liquidate unfavorable balances of foreign

trade. Growing discontent of the people. - Clamor for State

issues of paper money, funded on real estate. - Cattle and other

property made legal tender under appraisement. - Legislative

attempt to encourage importation of gold and silver. Matters

going from bad to worse.-Disposition to resist the laws becoming

common.-Hundreds of farms under execution to pay arrears of

taxes. Debtors ruined without paying fourth of demands of

creditors. Interest two to three per cent per month.-Real estate

scarcely salable.-Popular threats of suspending administration of

justice by private violence.-Summary of proofs.-41-48.

CHAPTER VI.

UNDER THE CONFEDERATION-Concluded.-Gloom, despond-

ency, adversity, and apprehension become chronic afflictions.-

Spirit of insubordination to State authority.-Outbursts of tumult-

uous resentment. — Tendency to disintegration of the Union.-

Armed force surrounds Legislature of New Hampshire, and holds

the members prisoners.-Mobs assemble in Connecticut, and are

dispersed by military. — Insurrection and rebellion in Massa-

chusetts. Three counties of North Carolina secede and set up

State of their own.-A county of Virginia attempts to join that

secession.-Wyoming settlers rise in insurrection against Pennsyl-

vania authorities.—Maine undertakes to establish an independent

commonwealth.-Testimony of French Minister, British Consul-

General, and various other eye-witnesses.-An awful crisis.-Free

trade the starting-point; perilous edge of anarchy the outcome.—

Imperious necessity of protective system for deliverance.-49-59.

CHAPTER VII.

WHY "A MORE PERFECT UNION" WAS FORMED.-" A Hoop
for the Barrel."-Necessity for regulating commerce immediate
impulse to new government. Object sought, industrial self-
defense.-Free-trade notions purged away by long and painful
experience.-Pennsylvania enacts protective tariff for herself.-Re-
markable preamble to Pennsylvania tariff.-Testimony of Fisher
Ames, Daniel Webster, Rufus Choate, and Mr. Huskisson that in-
dustrial independence was main object of American Revolution.-
60-69.

CHAPTER VIII.

FIRST EFFECTS OF THE NEW PLAN OF GOVERNMENT.-Con-

fidence at once inspired.-General prosperity expected.--Relief

experienced by all classes. Looking forward to protective

measures.-Action taken by industrial organizations.-Public

rejoicing.-Formal assemblies to celebrate adoption of Federal

Constitution.-Description of Philadelphia procession.-Stimu-

lated home manufactures.-Dispatch thereon to British Govern-

ment by Lord Dorchester.-Correspondence between public men

in America on improved state of affairs.-New political structure

itself a form of protection.-70–81.

CHAPTER IX.

PETITIONS TO CONGRESS FOR PROTECTION.-Baltimore trades-

men and mechanics ask for laws to countervail foreign compe-

tition. Shipwrights of Charleston, S. C., appeal for regulation of

trade and a navigation act.-Citizens of New York pray for

legislation to arrest excessive importations.-Inhabitants of Boston

urge tariff for protection, with revenue made secondary object.—

How these petitions were received by Congress.-Power to protect

home industry universally conceded.-Statements thereon by

Daniel Webster and Rufus Choate.-82-89.

CHAPTER X.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE PROTECTING POWER-Various

constitutional provisions natural outgrowths of certain lesson-

teaching experiences.- Meaning of phrase, "to regulate com-

merce," fixed by historical usage.-Derivative source of protecting

power.-Preparatory events.-Distinction between duties for rev-

enue and duties for regulating trade.-Controversy between colonies

and mother country on that subject.-British coercion and Amer-

ican resistance.-Widening differences.-Non-importation agree-

ments. British restraints on colonial manufactures declared

infringements of natural right.-Excitement and resentment in

New England.-Tendency of colonists at first to free trade.—

Bitter experience with it under political independence reverses that

tendency.-Protecting power, as adopted in Constitution, purified

from its British spirit of aggressiveness, and confined to simple

defense.-90-103.

CHAPTER XI.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE PROTECTING POWER-Con-

tinued.-Status of question previous to and during Revolutionary

war.-Radical difference between duties for revenue and duties for

regulating trade fully recognized in both Great Britain and

America. Franklin's famous examination before House of Com-

-

mons. Lord Chatham and Edmund Burke lay great stress on

distinction between revenue and protecting powers.-Origin of pro-

posal to tax America.- Extracts from speeches.—Preamble to

British Act of Navigation.-Preambles to all principal acts to regu-

late trade between colonies and mother country.-Not one of these

acts attempted to levy duties to raise revenue.—Preamble to Act

of Parliament imposing port duties.-Prompt and energetic oppo-

sition in the colonies.-The odious Stamp Act.- Conflagration

of excitement.-Preamble to act imposing duties on glass, paper,

painters' colors, and tea.-These acts for single purpose of obtaining

revenue from America.- Summons to protracted discussion.—

Celebrated views of John Dickinson.-Proceedings of Congress of

Independence.-British government formally offers not to impose

any duty or tax for purpose of raising revenue in colonies.-Pre-

dicament for anti-protectionists.—104–120.

CHAPTER XII.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE PROTECTING POWER-Continued.-

Discussions on the subject under Confederation.-Rufus Choate's

exposition of those discussions.-Familiarity with them essential

to understand vocabulary of Constitution. What was demanded

in newspaper and pamphlet literature of that day.-Trade left to

regulate itself as disastrous as war left to regulate itself.-Regula-

tion of trade by duties on imports widely advocated as effectual

means of protecting American manufactures.-General demand

for new government clothed with such power.-Many extracts

from writings in various States.-Proof that power to regulate

commerce, as inserted in Constitution, included power to impose

protecting duties on imports.-121-133.

CHAPTER XIII.

-

NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE PROTECTING POWER- Con-

cluded.-Opinions of distinguished statesmen and lawyers.-James

Madison's letter to Joseph Č. Cabell.-Gulian C. Verplanck's letter

to Colonel William Drayton.-Extract from Andrew Jackson's

second annual message to Congress. Various passages from

speeches of Daniel Webster. - Rufus Choate's summing up of

proofs that protecting power was put in Constitution in pursuance

of set purpose to put it there.-That power not granted to slumber

in lethargy, or to decay by neglect, or to die out through disuse.—

Condensed statement of points.-"A tariff for revenue only" a

defeat of one of principal objects in forming present Union.—

134-157.