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ναὶ μα Δία κἄγωγε τοῦτον, ὅτι κενῇ τῇ κοιλίᾳ

ἐσδραμὼν ἐς τὸ πρυτανεῖον, εἶτα πάλιν ἐκθεῖ πλέᾳ.

"I'll inform against this fellow, for going into the town-hall with his belly empty, and coming out again with it full;" i.e. his belly was empty when he went in, but full when he came out again. In Sophocl. Antig. 360:

ἄπορος ἐπ ̓ οὐδὲν ἔρχεται

τὸ μέλλον,

the Scholiast and Hermann suppose that eπ' ovdèv tò μéλλov ought to be taken together, with the sense ἐπ ̓ οὐδὲν τῶν μελλόντων; but it appears to us that Tò μéλλov is in apposition to the whole of the preceding line, "in regard to the future, he comes to nothing unprovided with resources." At the beginning of the following strophe, the article is properly explained by Wex. In another part of the same play, the chorus, after stating that, when misfortunes once begin in a family, they go on till the race is extinct, exclaim (v. 594):

ἀρχαῖα τὰ Λαβδακιδἂν οἴκων ὁρῶμαι

πήματα φθιμένων ἐπὶ πήμασι πίπτοντ',

οὐδ ̓ ἀπαλλάσσει

γενεὰν γένος.

which signifies, "the calamities of the house of Labdacus, which I see in the act of being added to the calamities of those members of the family who are dead and gone, are only the old misfortunes resuscitated and revived."

These instances will be sufficient to show the natural connexion of the article with the subject of the proposition. From these cases, the student will be careful to distinguish those in which the proposition is convertible or reciprocating, such, namely, "that of either term taken as the subject, the other may be affirmed as a predicate" (Middleton, p. 54). In these last cases, which are, of course, not very numerous, the article either appears before both subject and predicate, as in Plato, Theatet. p. 145 E: ἆρ ̓ οὐ τὸ μανθάνειν ἐστὶ τὸ σοφώτερον γίγνεσθαι Tepì ô μavoáveis; (cf. Heindorf. ad Gorg. § 102, p. 491 E*) or is omitted in both, as in the aphorism of Protagoras: πάντων χρημάτων μέτρον äveрwros. With the latter, we must compare such cases of tertiary predication, as Aeyóμevov épéw (Pind. Pyth. V. 101, which may be rendered indifferently "every body will say what I say ;" and, "I will say what every body says." Matthiæ (Gr. Gr. § 264, obs.) quotes some

• The instance given by Middleton from Aristot. Eth. II. 9: èotiv ǹ åpetǹ v ἠθικὴ μεσότης is erroneous; ή ηθική is the epithet to ἡ ἀρετή, and μεσότης alone is the predicate.

instances, in which he says the predicate has the article, but the subject wants it. In all these the predicate, as he calls it, is the subject, nor can we conceive the possibility of such a conversion as he supposes.

There are examples, though not very numerous, in which the same word appears by brachylogy both as ovoua and as pua, in other words, it is written once, but must be repeated twice in the mind: thus, we have in Herodotus, VIII. 80: ἴσθι γὰρ ἐξ ἐμέο (ποιεύμενα) τὰ ποιεύμενα ὑπὸ Μήδων, “ be assured that every thing done by the Medes, is done by my advice." Thucydides, VII. 71: dia Tò ȧvýμαλον, (ανώμαλον) καὶ τὴν ἔποψιν τῆς ναυμαχίας ἠναγκάζοντο ἔχειν, on account of the inequality of the ground, the view which they had of the sea-fight from the shore was necessarily unequal also.”

66

CHAPTER VI.

COMPOUND WORDS.

307 Analogy between the Greek and Sanscrit compounds. 308 Orthographic affections of contiguous words in these languages approximate to compounds. 309 The six classes of Sanscrit compounds compared with the Greek. 310 Parathetic and synthetic compounds in Greek. 311 Parathetic compounds occasionally overlooked. Case of χρόνῳ-κλυτός, and λόγῳ-παλαιός. 312 Synthetic compounds. Their euphonical affections. 313 Accentuation of those which terminate with a verbal. 314 Compounds commencing with a verbal. 315 The signification and construction of compound words has sometimes very little reference to their constituent parts. 316 The compounds dilúpaμßos, kaλokáyalós, and évreλéxeta, important terms in literature, politics, and philosophy. 317 (1) A0úpaußos. The termination connected with taußos. 318 The middle syllable contains the root of Oúp-σos. Explanation of this symbol. 319 The first syllable is the dative of Zeus. 320 More recent opinions respecting the θύρσος. 321 (2) Καλοκαγαθός. General meaning of the compound. 322 Αγα Oos refers to nobility of birth. 323 Derivation of άyalós. 324 Kaλòs expresses educational accomplishment. 325 Qualities attributed to the aristrocracy; 326 Connected with their social position, as opposed to that of the populace. 327 Moral excellence denoted by кaλoкdyalós. 328 Also by the Latin gentilis. 329 The word "pws as a title of rank. 330 Connexion of this term with kúptoS, κόρος, κουρίδιος, &c. 331 Digression respecting κυρηβος and κυρήβια. 332 "Apns and vir. 333 Ανήρ = Γα-νήρ and Nero. 334 "Αναξ = Fάναξ connected with ανά. 335 Υβρις similarly connected with ὑπέρ. Contacts between this word and κόρος. 336 Further analogies between κόρος, αδρός, χλιδή, ὀργή, &c. 337 König and "king" not immediately connected with Fávat. 338 "Lord" refers to elevation. 339 (3) 'EvTeλéxela. Difficulties occasioned by a confusion between this Aristotelian term and the older word évdeλéxeia. 340 Opposition between δύναμις and ἐντελέχεια. 341 Δύναμις also opposed to ενέργεια. 342 Distinction between ἐντελέχεια and ἐνέργεια. 343 Aristotle uses έντεMéxela to signify the absolute definition of a thing. 344 Signification and etymology of ἐνδελεχής.

307

ONE

NE of the most striking peculiarities, and indeed one of the greatest beauties, of classical Greek, is the frequent and varied use of compound words by the best authors. Our own language cannot make the most distant approximation to the Greek in this, the German falls far short of it, the Latin still more so. There is, however, one language of our family, the Sanscrit, which bears a strong analogy to, and even excels, the Greek in this respect; it will be proper, therefore, before we engage in an inquiry about the principles which regulate the formation of compound words in Greek, to consider the laws according to which this process is carried on in the old language of India.

308 A person not well skilled in Sanscrit always experiences great difficulty in distinguishing the words in a line of poetry from one another: the whole line will appear to him to be formed into one mass, the end of every word being altered, on euphonical principles, to suit the commencement of the word which follows; in fact, as Colebrooke has remarked (Asiatic Researches, VIII. p. 201), it is an euphonical orthography, which consists in extending to syntax the rules for the permutation of letters in etymology. The same is observed to a certain extent in old Greek inscriptions (Böckh, Corpus Inscript. I. p. 126). The feeling which gave rise to this orthographical anomaly, and certainly to the formation of the long compounds also (see the instances in Matth. Gr. Gr. § 446, 10. obs. 3, c), may be traced in the peculiarities of Greek syntax; for instance, that construction which we call attraction is the simple effect of a striving after brachylogy, of the attempt to compress the meaning of a sentence into a closely-connected group of words. The only distinction, between a real compound and syntactical phenomena like this, is that in the compound the separate words have so entirely coalesced that the inflection of the last word alone is regarded.

309 The Sanscrit grammarians have discriminated six kinds of compound words or samása. They give the following names to the different species (see Wilkins' Grammar, p. 556, foll.): (1) avyayîbháva, (2) tatpurusha, (3) dvandva, (4) dvigu, (5) bahuvrîhi, (6) karmmadharaya. We shall consider these one after the other.

1st class. A compound of this kind is indeclinable. The first member is some preposition or particle, and the last is a noun terminating in the sign of the neuter gender; for instance, nirmakshikan, "without flies," from nir, "without," and makshika-s, "a fly." A similar compound in Greek would be eveкa. Sometimes, however, the substantive appears in the instrumental or locative case, like čvekev ; thus we may write either upa-kumbhan, or upa-kumbhêna kritan, "done by the jar," and either upa-kumbhan, or upa-kumbhê nidhé-hi, "place it in the jar." This looks very like the government of a case by a preposition, which the Sanscrit grammarians repudiate, but of which we have found other similar instances: thus in the Ramayana (Lib. II.) we find nanu te aham prânêbhyô 'pi priya, "am I not dear above your life?" priya api (éπì) pranébhyas, for priyatará pranébhyas, is like vitá super cara for vitá carior. Sometimes we have a bahuvrihi or declinable adjective, where we should expect the avyayîbháva or adverbial compound: thus close by the passage just quoted we have, in two following clokas, sabháryas, "with my wife," in the nominative case,

and tam aham sparçayámása sa-bháryam (accus. agreeing with tam) patitam (TeσóvTa) sutam, "I made him, together with his wife, touch his fallen son."

2nd class, or tatpurusha. These compounds are formed of two or more nouns, the first set being in some oblique case, governed by the last, which may be a substantive, an adjective, or a participle in -ta: the following are instances, rája-purusha, “a king's man," hasty-açraratha-ghêsha, "the noise of elephants, horses, and chariots," svargapatita, "fallen from heaven." These correspond, of course, to the Greek compounds ἐγχεσί-μωρος, θεοσ-εχθρία, παρθενο-πίπης, σιδηροunTwp, &c. The construct state of the Hebrew noun represents the tatpurusha compound in the inverse order of arrangement: cf. TWIN with raja-purusha.

3rd class, or deandra. This class forms substitutes for collections of nouns in the same case and joined together by a copulative conjunction. The last noun alone is declined, and is (1) in the dual or plural number according as two or more nouns are joined together; or (2) it is a neuter singular, showing that the aggregate is considered as one: thus (1) guru-çishyâu, "master and scholar" (dual); brahmana-kshatriyaviť-çûdrás, the names of the four Indian castes (plur.): (2) chhatrôpânaham (chhatra, upânaha), “parasol and shoe" (neut. sing.). The Greeks do not distinguish the dual, but deandra compounds are not uncommon in Aristophanes; see, for instance, the long word with a collective ending in the Ecclesiazusa (1169 foll.), and proper names like Τισαμενο-Φαίνιπποι (Acharn. 603).

4th class, or dvigu. Collectives, of which the first part is a numeral, belong to this class; the noun is either feminine in 2, or neuter in ă: thus, tri-rátra, “three nights,” tri-loki, "three worlds." The Greeks have no dvigu compounds, unless we can consider adjectives like didpaxμον, χιλιοναύτης, &c., as belonging to the class.

5th class, or bahuvrihi. In this class are contained compound adjectives; the last part is a substantive, the first is any other part of speech. The following are instances, mahu-dhanas, -a, -an, “rich,” from mahu, "much," and dhana, "wealth;" bahu-padas, “having many feet;" mahu-mántangan vanan, "a forest with many elephants." These compounds are very common in Greek, as πολύπους, φιλόκαλος, &c.

6th class, or karmmadhárya. This class forms compounds, of which the last part is a substantive or adjective, modified in meaning by some preceding adjective in an uninflected state. Thus, mahārājas, “a great king;" para-máha, "a fine day;" su-mahat (ev péyas), “very great.”

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