general use in Sanscrit are only of the medial order, and that, therefore, no argument can be drawn from this discrepancy, which, indeed, admits of an explanation derivable from the vacillations and incompleteness of the aspirates (above, p. 177). 121 Grimm's law applies only to the interchange of mutes considered according to their distinction as tenues, aspirates and medials: when we find an interchange of mutes with others belonging to different organs, as labials with dentals or gutturals, we must not call this an exception to the law, as Grimm does (p. 589), for it belongs to a different principle. When p is changed to t we must consider it as having arisen from a false articulation, which has formed a dental out of the sibilant originally attached to the labial in the particular case. Thus from the root Fa or ora are formed, both Te and πOV. Similarly when p becomes k there has been an union of guttural and labial in the original sound, as in πOTOS, KOTOS; compare the Latin quis. When b becomes d, or d becomes g, the original sound must have originally consisted of both consonants; thus bis and dis spring from Fís, like bellum from dvellum, and yŷ and δῆ from γδή, like γυμνὸς for ἐγδυμένος. This principle extends to combinations of mutes and liquids as well as to combinations of mutes with mutes; thus κελαινὸς and μέλαν spring from κμέλαν, as appears from τὰ Kuéλelpa quoted from the glossary of Pamphilus, by Herodian, and from him by the author of the Etymologicum Magnum (see Buttmann, Lexilog. II. p. 265). The interchange of aspirates of different organs we have before explained (above, p. 163). 122 We conclude this Chapter with a table of the consonants which correspond in related words of the Sanscrit, Greek, and Latin languages. If the reader desires to see this table immediately confirmed by examples he may consult Pott's Etymologische Forschungen, I. p. 84 and following. Sibilants. Semivowels. Labials. Dentals. The cerebrals have few if any representatives among the Greek and Latin letters. Sanscrit. th d dh P ph b bh m y (palatal) 1 (dental) ç (s palatal) sh (lingual) APPENDIX TO BOOK I. CHAP. V. § 110. Extract from BENTLEY'S MS. on the Digamma. BENTLEY first quotes the following authorities. Dionys. Halic. 1. 20. Servius ad Eneados VI. 359. Julianus Orat. xI. p. 71; and the following passages from "Grammatica Latina auctores antiqui; edidit Putschius." Diomed. Gramm. p. 416. Priscian pp. 546, 7. (where, on the words—inveniuntur etiam pro vocali correpta hoc digamma illi usi, ut Alcman: Kai Xeîμa nûp te dáƑiov'.—Ƒ digamma Æolis est, quando in metris pro nihilo accipiebant, at ἄμμες δ' Πειράναν τὸ δὲ τἄρ θέτο μwoa Myeîα-Sciendum tamen quod hoc ipsum Eoles quidem ubique loco aspirationis ponebant, effugientes spiritus asperitatem3. Hiatus quoque causa solebant illi interponere F digamma, quod ostendunt etiam poetæ Æolida; uti Alcman: Kai xeîμa nûp te dáƑiov et epigrammata quæ egomet legi in tripode vetustissimo Apollinis, qui stat in Xerolopho Byzantii, sic scripta: AEMОПнOFON, AAFOKOFON. Nos quoque hiatus causa interponimus U loco (Toû) digamma F, ut DaŬus, ArgUi, PaUo, OUum, OUis, BoUis-he remarks (1) Si locus sanus est, errat Priscianus: nam in iambico dimetro, cujus hæc forma est : ἐρῶ τε δῆτα κοὐκ ἐρῶ καὶ μαίνομαι κοὐ μαίνομαι- dáƑuov facit longam primam syllabam. Sed sæpe apud Homerum correpta syllaba est, ut 'OƑiwv, "OƑias, &c. (2) Non pro nihilo hic F accipitur, sed pronunciatur dƑepávav, ut nos possumus DWIRANAN. (5) Non ubique et in omnibus Æoli inserebant F, sed in certis tantum verbis, ut ex Homero constabit. Et sic Dionysius supra, πoλλa non Távтa; et Sergius infra, "in quibusdum dictionibus:" et Terentianus Maurus, "nominum multa." (4) Sic Codex MS. Cantabrigiæ, non Anpopówv, unde constat tripodem illum vetustiorem esse literis Simonideis, n, p, &c., ut Homerus quoque scribebat MENIN AEIAE THEA ΠΕΛΕΙΑΔΕΟ ΑΚΗΙΛΕΟΣ. (5) Constat ex hoc loco Eoles scripsisse, AaFos, 'ApreiƑoi, TaFws, wƑov, öƑis, BoFós).-Valerius probus p. 1507. Sergius Grammat. p. 1827 (where, on the words-Eolenses enim Græci quibusdam dictionibus, ut pinguescant, istam digammon apponunt, ut pro ELENA dicunt UELENA. Sed Donatus hic argui tur, quod apud Græcos digammos hanc legem habeat, ut v detracta, nihil absit nomini.-Bentley remarks-nihil abest nomini in ceteris dialectis Græcorum, at apud Eolenses deperit totum: nam illi pro Foîvos nunquam dicebant oivos, non magis quam Latini pro VINUM, INUM, aut proVULGUS, ULGUS). Velius Longus p. 2217: Qui igitur illam literam (H) vindicant, ostendunt ejus eandem vim esse quæ consonantis est; nam et in metro asserit sibi hanc potestatem. Unde et apud Homerum non videntur esse vitiosi versus, qui hac aspiratione supplentur: √ ὀλίγον οἱ παῖδα ἐοικότα γείνατο Τυδεύς. Et hoc amplius adeo litera oi est, ut possit videri etiam vicem duarum consonantium implere, ut ὡς εἰπὼν τόξον μὲν ἀπὸ ἕο θῆκε χαμάζε. Et tale quidem exemplum apud nos non animadverti. (On which Bentley observes-Velius ille hic fallitur, qui id ascribit aspirationi H quod debetur T F; oxiyov Hot pro ὀλίγον Foi, et ἀπὸ Ηεo pro ἀπὸ Feo. Sic dedit Homerus: ἦ ὀλίγον Fοι παῖδα Γεοίκοτα γείνατο Τυδεύς. et ὡς Γειπων τόξον μὲν ἀπὸ Ρεο θῆκε χαμάζε). Idem pp. 2222, 2235. Scaurus Gramm. p. 2254. Annæus Cornutus p. 2282. Cassiodorus p. 2292. Terentianus Maurus pp. 2387, 2397. Marius Victorinus pp. 2461, 2468. He then proceeds: Claudius Cæsar pro U consonanti scribi jussit F Eolicum, sed inversum ne confunderetur cum F, quod alium tunc sonum habuit. Qualia visuntur in inscriptionibus ævi Claudiani apud Gruterum. Suetonius in Claudio c. 41. Tacitus Annal. XI. 14. Aulus Gellius XIV 5. (XVI. 17) Donatus ad Andr. Terent. 1. 2. Although Bentley was well aware that F has occasionally the power of a double consonant in Homer, it never seems to have struck him that the original sound might have been made up of a guttural and a labial, and therefore he presumes that Hesychius must be wrong when he writes a number of digammated words with a guttural. Hesychius sane, he says, ridiculus est qui pluribus verbis Æolicis pro F digamma simplicem y posuit. His notion was, that the digamma was nothing more nor less than our w, as appears from the following note in this MS: U Latinorum olim pronuntiabatur ut W hodie. U consonantem eandem vim et sonum habuisse quam Ƒ Æolicum omnes testantur. Dionysius Ovexía, Fexía, Uelia, et Julianus OY. Gruter. p. 1027. OKTAΟΥΙΟΣ, Octarius, ΣΕΟΥΑΡΟΣ, Severus, ΟΥΕΙΒΙΟΣ, Vilius, ΟΥΙBIANOZ, Vibianus, OYAAEPIOE, Valerius, OYENEPIA, Veneria, et in historicis Græcis nomina infinita. Idem ostendunt nomina quæ nos, hoc est, Germani veteres, ex Latinis sumpsimus. Uinum, hoc est Winum, "wine;" Uallum, Wallum, "a wall;" Uolo, wolo, "I will;" Ventus, wentus, "wind;" Uectis, Wectis, "weight;" Vellus, wellus, "wool;" Uidua, Widua, "Widow." The greater part of this MS. is filled with a number of lines from Homer, in which digammated words appear. which he has introduced any emendations. *Αναξ, ἀνάσσω, &c. Iliad vi. 162. We quote those in ώρτο πολὺ πρῶτος μὲν ἄναξ, lego πρώτος γε Γάναξ, vel πρώτιστα. ΙΧ. 73. Χ. 33. πολέεσι δ' ανάσσεις, lego πόλεσιν δὲ ξανάσσεις. ̓Αργείων ἤνασσε, lego ἐξάνασσε, ΧΧ. 67. χχιν. 449. Od. xΙν. 438. Ανδάνει. ἔναντα Ποσειδάωνος ἄνακτος, forte ἀναστάς. τὴν Μυρμίδονες ποίησαν ἄνακτα, lego δείφαντο Γάνακτα. Cf. 452. κύδαινε δὲ θυμὸν ἀνακτος—versus spurius (Porson suggests θυμὸν δ' εὔφρηνε άνακτος). Iliad VII. 45. βουλὴν ἢ ῥα θεοῖσιν ἐφήνδανε, lego θεοῖς ἐπιφάν δανε. Od. XVI. 387. εἰ δ ̓ ὑμεῖς ὅδε μῦθος ἀφανδάνει. (This seems to have puzzled Bentley: we read ἀξανδάνει with Passow.) *Αστυ; inde Fαστύνοος, Γαστύαλος, Ραστυάναξ, αστυβιώτης. Ziad III. 140. ανδρός τε προτέροιο καὶ ἄστεος, lego προτερου καὶ άστεος. ΧΙ. 732. XVII. 274. Εἴδω, video. Είσκω. Iliad xxΙ. 332. Od. IV. 247. ἀμφίσταντο δὴ ἄστυ, lego τὸ άστυ. δεῦτε, δύω μοι ἔπεσθον, ἴδωμ ̓, lego ἕπεσθε, Είδωμ'. οὐ γάρ πω τοιοῦτον ἴδον, lego τοίονδε Είδον. ἔνθαδ ̓ ἐπ' ἐσχατίῃ σπέος εἴδομεν, lego ευρομεν. μάχῃ ἡΐσκομεν εἶναι, lego εξεΐσκομεν. οὐ γὰρ ἔοικεν, lego οὐδὲ Γέοικεν ut v. 485. φωτὶ κατακρύπτων ἤΐσκε, lego ἐξέϊσκε. τὸ μὲν ἄμμες εΐσκομεν εἰσορόωντες—ἄμμε semper casus est accusativi (why not ἐΡίσκομεν ?). ΧΙΧ. 288. τόγε κέρδιον εἴσατο θυμῷ (read τόγε Γείσατο ΙΧ. 321. κέρδιον εἶναι). Inde mendosum est δ' ἤικτο quod quater venit pro δὲ ξέϊκτο. Εκαστος. Iliad xiv. 151. Od. IX. 468. μέγα σθένος ἔμβαλ' ἑκάστῳ, lego ώρσε ξεκάστῳ. ἀνὰ δ ̓ ὄφρυσι νεῦον ἑκάστῳ, lego νεῦσα. |