mong the Grifons the Proteftants are more numerous than the Catholics, the former being eftimated at about two-thirds of the inhabitants; and Stanyan juftly afferts, that "as all their elections are decided by the plurality of voices, the republic of the Grifons may be deemed a Proteftant ftate The reformation was introduced very early into this country; the new doctrines were first preached about the year 1524, and received at Flæsch, a small village in the Ten Jurifdictions, upon the confines of Sargans; from thence they were extended to Mayenfield and Malantz, and foon afterwards through the whole valley of Pretigau. The reformed opinions spread with fuch celerity, that before the end of the fixteenth century they were embraced by the whole league of the Ten Jurifdictions (excepting part of the community of Alvenew), the greateft part of the Houfe of God, and a few communities in the Grey League. The difference of religion nearly excited civil war between the two fects, as well at the first introduction of the reformation, as at the beginning of the troubles in the Valteline. In the latter inftance the two parties rofe in arms, but the Catholics being overpowered by the Proteftants, matters were amicably adjusted. Since that period, all religious concerns have been regulated with perfect cordiality. According to the general confent of the three Leagues, each community, being abfolute within its little territory, has the power of appointing its own particular worship, and the inhabitants are free to follow either the Catholic or Reformed perfuafion. In the adminiftration of civil affairs religion has no interference: the deputies of the general diet may be members of either communion, as chofen by the communities which they reprefent. By this moderate and tolerating principle, all religious diffenfions have been fuppreffed as much as poffible; and the most perfect amity fubfifts between the two fects. In spiritual concerns the Catholics for the molt part are under the jurifdiction of the bishop of Coire. For the affairs of the Reform ed churches, each League is divided into a certain number of districts, the minifters whereof affemble twice every year. These assemblies are called colloquia. Each colloquium has its prefident, and each league a fuperintendant, called a dean. The fupreme authority in fpiritual concerns is vefted in the fynod, which is compofed of the three deans, and the clergy of each league: the fynod affembles every year alternately in each of the three leagues. Candidates for holy orders are examined before the fynod. The neceffary qualification for admiffion into the church ought to be the knowledge of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin; but this rule is not strictly adhered to; many being ordained without the leaft acquaintance with any of thofe languages. Formerly Latin was folely used, as well in the debates of the fynod as for the purpose of examining the candidates; but at prefent that tongue grows more and more into difufe, and German is employed in its stead. The number of reformed parishes in the whole three leagues amount to 135, in the following proportion: In the Grey League 46, in that of God's House 53, and in the League of Ten Jurifdictions 36. The minifters of thefe churches enjoy but very fmall falaries. The richest benefices do not perhaps yield more than 201. or at most 25 1. per ann. and the pooreft fometimes fcarcely 61. This fcanty income is attended with many inconveniences. It obliges the clergy who have families, to follow fome branch of traffic, to the neglect of their ecclefiaftical ftudies, and to the degradation of the profeffional character. Another inconvenience is fuperadded to the narrownefs of their income. In moft communities the minifters, though confirmed by the fynod, are chofen by the people of the parish, and are folely dependent on their bounty. For these reasons the candidates for holy orders are generally extremely ignorant. They cannot fupport that expence which is requifite to purfue their studies; they are not animated with the expectation of a decent competence; and, from the dependent mode of their election, are not encouraged to deserve their promotion by a confiftent dignity of character." An addrefs to the army, in reply to trictures by Roderic Mackenzie (late Lieutenant in the 71ft regiment) on Tarleton's hiftory of the campaigns of 1780 and 1781. By the Hon. George Hanger, Major to the cavalry of the British Legion, commanded by Lt-Col. Tarleton, &c. 8vo. 4s. boards Ridgway. -Col. Tarleton distinguished himfelf by his fpirited conduct in the American war; and to add literary merit to military credit, he refolved, after the example of Cafar, to write his own commentaries. Lieut. Mackenzie animadverted on them with some feverity; and now, Maj. Hanger, on the behalf of Col. Tarleton has recriminated on Lieut. Mackenzie, with equal, if not fuperior, afperity. M. A treatife on the coal-trade, by C. Beaumont. 4to. 5 s. ftitched. Robinsons. Memoirs relative to the campaign of 1788 in Sweden By his Serene Highness Prince Charles of Heffe, Commander in-chief of the Danish auxiliary army. Tranflated from the French, with thirty-three vouchers. 8vo. 3 s. 6d. fewed. Baldwin Connected as the Prince of Heffe was with both the potentates between whom he acted, his fituation, and and the task affigned him, will appear to be of a very delicate nature! These memoirs of his Swedish campaign, which have every ap pearance of being genuine, amount to a full juftification of his conduct in that expedition; and they are written in a very clear and eafy style. M. An appeal to the members of the Univerfity of Oxford, relating to the Rev. Dr White's Bampton lectures. By No Academic. 8vo. I s. 6 d.. Kearsley. A brief account of the Island of Antigua, together with the customs and manners of its inhabitants, as well white as black. As alfo, an accurate statement of the food, clothing, labour, and punishment of flaves. In letters to a friend. Written in the years 1786, 1787, and 1788. By John Luffman. 12mo. 3 s. fewed. Cadell. Entertainment. The new Robinson Crufoe, an instructive and entertaining hiftory, for the ufe of children of both fexes. Tranflated from the French. 12mo. 4 vols. 6 s. fewed. Stockdale. -Originally written in German, by Mr Campe; thence tranflated into French; and now re-clothed by an English literary tailor. Mr Campe is of opinion, that the original life of Robinfon Crufoe is particularly defective, in allowing him, when caft on the defert ifland, European tools, inftruments, and neceffaries. He, therefore, throws his hero on thore entirely deftitute of those aids; and thence places, in a ftriking point of view, the ingenuity of man in overcoming the great. eft difficulties. In the old work, the hero recounts his own hiftory; but the adventures are here given in dialogues between a Mr and Mrs Billingfley, and their children; which mode is fo far preferable, that it allows the writer fcope for introducing and explaining many ufetul particulars, which the other would not fo naturally admit. M. The mental triumph, by a Lady. 12mo. 3 vols. 78. 6 d. fewed. Walter, Piccadilly.. In the letters of this lady, "fo.richly decked in mental charms," we difcover nothing but the most common thoughts and expreffions; and the story is highly improbable. M. Louis and Nina, or an excurfion to Yverdun. 12mo. 2 vols. 5 s. fewed. Lane. -Contains fome tender and pathetic ftrokes. Indeed the writer appears to be "all beart," But the prettineffes, the ferfibilities are by far too many we are abfolutely overpowered, by them. "L-d!" exclaims the girl in the play, when Sir Fopling approaches her under a load of pulvillo how he ftinks of fweets!" M. The predeftined wife, or force of prejudice. 12mo. 2 vols. 6 s. fewed. Kerby. -Tedious and foporific. M. Mount Pelham, a novel, by the author of Rofa de Montmorien. 12mo. 2 vols. 5 s. fewed. Lane.- -The profpe around this Anthologia, or a collection of flowers, in blank verfe. By the Rev. P. B. Homer, A, M. Magdalen college, Oxford. 4to. I S. Robfon and Clarke.The verfes, like the generality of the subjects, are fimple and pretty. M. Who hath all other giants far outdone." True it is that the Doctor has never been backward to enter the lifts with his opponents. All allow that he has wielded his weapons with dexterity; yet, notwithstanding his prowefs, he has never ventured to take up the gauntlet of his rhiming antagonists; they are the only adverfaries that can boast of having put the Doctor to filence. The conteft is conducted through three books, and the author feems not to despair of victory, fagaciously obferving The Lord could make an afs, when he thought fit, To quite confound a felfifh Seer's best wit. So indeed we are told; but we do not think that the long-eared tribe have any profpect of triumphing in the prefent cafe, by a repetition of the miracle wrought on one of their fraternity. M. A dofe for the Doctors; or, the Æfculapian Labyrinth explored. In a feries of inAructions to young phyficians, furgeons, accouchers, apothecaries, druggifts, and chymifts. Interfperfed with a variety of rifible anecdotes affecting the Faculty. Infcribed to the College of Wigs. By Gregory Gly fter, an old Practitioner. 4to. 3 s. 6 d. Kearsley. This is one of the moft paltry of all the pretenfions to fmartness, with which we have been pestered, fince Swift's advice to his fervants overwhelmed us with imitative attempts at irony, intelligible only to the au thors, and with humour which, in every fenfe of the word, may be termed bad. Yet for this naufeous dofe, the patient is to pay three fhillings and fixpence: but Gregory Glyfter is " an old practitioner!" M. The dramatic pieces and poetry of W. Nation jun. including the School for Diffidence, mifcellanies, a collection of fongs, &c. 8vo. 38. Plymouth, printed for the Author, and fold by Law, &c. in London. The English tavern at Berlin. A comedy, - The man of enterprize, a farce, acted at Norwich. 8vo. IS. Robinfons, &c. -This little performance is diverting in the perufal. The author is a Mr Shillits, who we find by an advertisement at the end of the farce, is likewife the author of the Country Book club, with which we have been agreeably entertained. M. See Scots Mag. vol. 50. P. 293. EDINBURGH. A voyage to the Pacific ocean, undertaken by command of his Majefty, for making dif coveries in the northern hemifphere. Performed under the direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in the years 1776, 77, 78, 79, 80; compiled from the various accounts of that voyage hitherto published. 3d edition. 4 vols. Plates. 8 s. ftitched. R. Marifen & Son, Perth. Brown, Edinburgh. Medical commentaries, for the year 17893 exhibiting a concife view of the latest and molt important discoveries in medicine and medical philofophy: Collected and published by Andrew Duncan, M. D. F. R. & A. S. Ed. Phylician to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, for Scotland, &c. &c. 6 s. boards. Elliot. Obfervations on a pamphlet entitled, "Confiderations on a propofal for dividing the Court of Seffion into Chambers," &c. &c. In a letter addreffed to the Lord Prefident. 1. A. Guthrie. The generous Cock, a fable. In verfe. 4to. 9 d. ftitched. Hill. Liberal charity ftated and recommended upon the principles of the gofpel, a fermon, preached before the Society in Scotland for propagating Chriftian Knowledge, at their laft anniversary meeting, by the Rev. Robert Balfour, one of the minifters of Glafgow. With an appendix, containing au abtrack of the proceedings of the Society fince June 1787. 8d. Gray. in 64 Talbooth trood in an improper place-that the "In my late inquiries into the state of the prifons of this country, [England, it has given me fincere picafure to fi, that, from the attention of the magiftrates, and the operation of the faluary 4d for preferving the health of prifoners, the gaols of the capital, though crowded, have been freed from that difeafe which formerly deftroyed more perfons than the hand of the executioner; and thofe in the country have been fo much improved, that most of them may now be vifited without hazard of infection; whilft the judges are fecured from those risks which formerly attended them in the ditcharge of their imporON he unjuft idea of the poorer class tant office. With fatisfaction I have alfo of people being in a state of irre- obferved the liberal and humane spirit claimable depravity, magiftrates are con which engages the public to alleviate tented to reft their plea for not attempt. the fufferings of prifoners in general, ing to redress thofe hardships of which and particularly, to release many indufthey are daily fpectators At Edinburgh, trious, though unfortunate, debtors. But fay's Mr Howard, "I freely related my at this point the fpirit of improvement remarks to the Lord Provost,—that the unhappily feems to ftop, fcarcely touch On the reformation of Vorals in Prifons. &c. [From Howard's Account of the Lazarets tos in Europe. [vol. 51. p. 434,] VOL. LII. E ing ing upon that still more important object, the REFORMATION OF MORALS, in our prifons: yet it is obvious that if this be neglected, befides the evil confequences that muft result from fuch a fource of wickedness, a fufpicion will arife, that what has been already done has proceeded chiefly from the selfish motive of avoiding the danger to our own health, in attending courts of judicature. In this further reformation, it will be abfolutely neceffary to begin with the Capital: for as, in my former vifits, when I have met with the gaol-fever in county prifons, I have been almoft conftantly told, that it was derived from thofe in London; fo the corruption of manners, alfo flowing from that great fountain, fpreads far and wide its malignant ftreams. In what prifon in London is there a proper feparation of criminals, the old from the young, convicts from the untried? Where are the night-rooms for folitary confinement and reflection? Where is any proper attention paid to fick and dying prisoners? Where are the rules and orders of magiftrates for the direction of gaolers, and the government of prisoners? In what gaol are not the ears fhocked with the profaneness both of prifoners and turnkeys? Where is any regard paid to the Lord's day? Where is not the afternoon of that day a time of greater concourfe of vifitants than any other? And though the gaolers taps are abolished, yet are not publicans continually waiting to ferve the prifoners, and their company? Is not beer now fold by the debtors? and do not turnkeys keep bops in the gaols? No effectual reform will be made in our prions till the root of thefe evils be cut off, which, from the clofoft obferva tion, I am convinced is THE VICE OF DRUNKENNESS. To this end, restraints must be laid, which will, to many, I am fenfible, appear harth and fevere; but in this matter there is no medium: any indulgence to particular claffes of prifoners will ruin the whole defign. It will, in my idea, be abfolutely neceffary to prohibit the introduction of any kind of liquor except milk, whey, butter-milk, or water, into gaols; and in order to diminif the apparent hardship upon debtors, I heartily with that fuch an alteration were made in our aws with respect to confinement for debt, that none thould undergo it but difponft and fraudulent debtors. Such are criminals, and ought to be treated accordingly, With regard to the health and real comfort of prifoners, I am perfuaded, they would be promoted by fuch a prohibition. Within fourteen years, how many prifoners, together with their keepers, have I known destroyed by drinking, and how many convicts going out of the world in a ftate of intoxication! Criminals are, for the most part, under the middle age of life, and therefore ftrong enough in constitution to bear the trial of thoroughly breaking their bad habits; and as to debtort *, who generally live in prifons in utter idleness, they can have little occafion for ftrong liquors, and would receive much more benefit from a little addition of meat and vegetables to their diet, which, by this reftriction, they might better afford †. After all, the best laws will fail in their effect, unless the affiduous and zealous endeavours of magistrates be exerted in a ftrict attention to their execution. Abufes, though ever fo ftudiously guarded againft, will creep in; and it requires the utmost vigilance to detect, and refolution to reform them. If I have been able to point out any of these, and to suggest their caufes and remedies, it has been by that clofe perfevering attention to one object, which has in fome meafure fupplied the want of original abilities, and given me clearer notions, and a more decided opinion upon these matters. To my country I commit the result of my paft labours. It is my intention again to quit it for the purpofe of revifiting Ruffia, Turky, and fome other countries, "Of this clafs how many perfons have I known, or heard of, who have gone into priton fuber men; but who have either detroyed themselves there by drinking, or have gone out mere fats ?" + If gentlemen of the faculty, and others, ftill object to the exclufion of all fermented liquors from gaols, under the idea that their ufe is in fome measure neceffary as antiseptics, I would defire them to confider, that by the propofed dietary prifoners are to have a warm difh, chiefly of vegetables, twice a-day, and that of female prifoners, who in general pared with the men, die in prifon.-I am fendrink very little beer, a fmall proportion, comfible my ideas are contrary to the present fafionable mode of prefcription, which, I am perfuaded, confirms the habit of drinking trong liquors, both in town and country; but may I not hope, that the opinions of medical gentlemen will, in time, alter as much upon this fubject, as I have seen in their treatment of the mall-pox?" and and extending my tour in the Eaft. I am not infenfible of the dangers that muft attend fuch a journey. Trufting, however, in the protection of that kind Providence which has hitherto preferved me, I calmly and cheerfully commit myself to the difpofal of unerring wifdom. Should it please GOD to cut off my life in the profecution of this defign, let not my conduct be uncandidly imputed to rafness or enthusiasm, but to a ferious, deliberate conviction that I am pursuing the path of duty; and to a fincere defire of being made an inftrument of more ex tenfive usefulness to my fellow-creatures than could be expected in the narrower circle of a retired life." The Philofophical Shoemaker. From Mammuth; or, Human nature difplayed on a Grand Scale, &c.] VERY different from the treatment I met with from the Duke, was that which I received from a fhoemaker, whom I alfo met with at Tom's wedding, who very kindly invited my lady and myfelf to spend a day or two with him in his cottage in the neighbourhood. He had fome horns to difpofe of, of which we made fpoons and cups in winter. His cottage was fituated on the margin of a small lake, at the distance of a quarter of a mile from the great road that leads from Carlisle to Penrith, and at the distance of about half a mile from any town or village. A few acres of ground which he rented, the privilege of fishing for eels and other fmall fishes on the lake, with the produce of his calling, en abled this philofophical cobler to live with cafe, and with decent hofpitality. He exercifed, by turns, the vocations of an hufbandman, of a fifher, and of a cobler. We arrived at his humble manfion in the evening. "You are welcome, ftrangers," faid he, " to my houfe. But luxury has made great ftrides fince the fong was first compofed→ A cobler there was, and he liv'd in a stall, That ferv'd him for parlour, and kitchen, and hall For, befides a ftall, I have both a parlour and a kitchen. Step in, and you fhall fee the firft; as to the fecond, pleafe God, you fhall, by and by, be fatisfied of its existence by an appeal to another fenfe than that of feeing." On en tering this parlour, I was ftruck with a fpectacle which announced to me, at once, that I had the good fortune to be received under the roof of a philofo. pher and an humourift, as well as of an hofpitable man. A fkeleton of gigantic dimenfions, fixed in a corner of the room, ferved as a cafe for a clock of which he himself had been the artificer. Glafs beads, placed in the fockets of the eyes, and moved by the motion of the pendulum, ftruck the furprised spectator with horror. "That," fays he, "is the fkeleton of my grandfather, which I made with the affiftance of a poor ftudent from Edinburgh. I have fitted up a clock in the midst of it, which ferves at once as a memento mori, and to measure time This skeleton I call the minifter, because he preaches, in his tick tack way, and the serious expreffion of his eyes and countenance, many a ferious fermon. Scarcely any occurrence happens, or paffion arifes, but one look of the minifter produces the happieft effect." We had not well recovered the shock which this fight had occafioned, when a lovely young woman came fmilling into the room, with an infant in her arms, about two years of age. After a few kind falutations to us, the held up her little girl to the fkeleton; whofe rueful mouth the child kiffed with great cordiality, and fhook both its hands, faying, "Dood night, dand dada.” A boy of four years faid diftinctly at the fame time, "Good night, grandfather." "These are our children," said this wonderful artificer in leather; "they, in this manner, falute their grandfather every evening and every morning. That old man whom you fee bufy in the garden is my father. He is to be placed, after death, by the fide of the minifter, and is to be a frame for a piece of mechanifm contrived to play fome folemn church-mufic; fo that he is to be precentor or clerk. It is the certainty, I affure you, that he will not be buried in the cold, dark, and filent grave, deprived of all company, and of the cheerful light of the fun, but every day be a witnefslot what is going on in his family, and be embraced by his progeny, that fupports him in that gay mood, even under the weight of near fourfcore years. It was a noble art that the Egyptians poffeffed! I mean that of mummy making, or embalming the dead. We are but children to the Egyptians in the art of making mummies. Dr Hunter bimfelf would have been undone in this art by any old nurfe in Egypt. As the art of embalming is not wholely unconnected with that |