wich Islands, returned to Nootka Sound, as did the North-weft America, which had also wintered there, a few days after, where they found two American veffels, the Columba and Washington, that had wintered in Nootka harbour. On the 29th of the fame month, the North-wett America was fent to trade to the northward, and alfo to explore the Archipelago of St Lazarus. On the 6th of May, the Iphigenia being then at anchor in Nootka Sound, a Spanish fhip of war of 26 guns, named the Princeffa, Don Eftuan Jofeph Martinez, commander, from San Blas in Mexico, anchored in the fame harbour, and was foon joined by a Spanish fnow of 16 guns, called the San Carlos*, from It should feem that those ships had been fent without any exprefs commiffion from the Court of Spain to seize indifcriminately the fhips of foreign nations that should be found navigating and trading in thofe feas; but rather to fecure previous poffeffion of that continent before the fubjects of other nations could obtain of the natives the right of erecting forts and fettlements thereon. This, in fome measure appears to be confirmed. The fnow which accompanied the Princeffa from San Blas had all materials for building; had cannon, and the various implements used in fortifying, on board; and Martinez, fo far from declaring himself an enemy, ufed every means in his power to cultivate a friendfhip with the English till he had obtained poffeffion of the house built by Mr Mears, and till he had learned that the owners were mere traders, and wholly unconnected with the British Government. Then he gave himself airs of confequence, and, by virtue of his commiffion, exercised all those severities complained of in the memorial. There is no fufficient reafon, however, to apprehend a war from the misconduct of the inexperienced commander fent on this expedition, who certainly, in feveral inftances, appears to have exceeded the bounds of his commiffion. In the treaty of Utrecht between the two nations it is exprefsly provided, art. XVII. "That if it happen through inadvertency, imprudence, or any other caufe, that any fubject of either of their aforefaid Royal Majefties do or commit any thing by land, fea, or on fresh-water, in any part of the world, whereby this prefent treaty be not obferved, the peace and good correfpondence between the nations fhall not therefore be interrupted or broken; but that fubject only fhall be anfwerable for his own act, and fuffer fuch punishment as is inflicted by law, and according to the preferiptions of the law of nations," the fame place, loaded with cannon, and other warlike ftores. For fome time mutual civilities paffed between Capt. Douglas and the Spanish officers, and even fupplies were obtained from the Spanish captain; but, on the 14th of May, the former was ordered on board the Princeffa, and to his great furprize, informed by Martinez, that he had the King's orders to feize all ships that he might find upon that coaft, and that he, the commander of the Iphigenia, was his prifoner; and, moreover, inftructed his officers to take poffeffion of the Iphigenia, which they accordingly did in the name of his Catholic Majefty, and conveyed the officers and men as prifoners, on board the Spanish fhips, where they were put in irons, and otherwise ill treated. This done, Don Martinez took poffeffion of the lands which the Memorialifts had purchased, and built a temporary habitation upon, pulling down the British flag, and hoifting the standard of Spain thereon, with fuch other ceremonies as are ufual upon fuch occafions; declaring, at the fame time, that all the lands comprifed between Cape Horn and the 60th degree of North latitude did belong to his Catholic Majefty; and accordingly proceeded to build batteries, ftorehoutes, &c. in the execution of which he forcibly employed fome of the crew of the Iphigenia, and feveral who attempted to refift were feverely punished. And here it must not be forgotten, that while he (Capt. Douglas) was detained prifoner, he was frequently urged to fign an inftrument, purporting, as he was informed (not understanding Spanish himfelf), that Don Martinez had found him in Nootka Sound in great diftrefs; that he had fupplied him with every thing neceffary for his paffage to the Sandwich iflands; and that his navigation had in no refpect been interrupted; but which paper having been difcovered to contain an obligation from him and Mr Vinanea (fecond captain), on the part of their owners, to pay on demand the valuation of the Iphigenia, her cargo, &c. in cafe the Viceroy of New Spain should adjudge her to be a lawful prize for entering the port of Nookta without licence from his Catholic Majefty, he had peremptorily refifted, conceiving that the port of Nookta did not belong to his Catholic Majefty; notwithitandiug which, Don Martinez, partly by threats and partly by promifes to Nna reftore reftore him, Capt. Douglas, to the command of the Iphigenia, had ultimately gained his point; and having fo done, he, Capt. Douglas, was reftored to his fhip, but ftripped, during the time she had been in poffeffion of the Spaniards, of all her merchandise, stores, provifions, &c. &c. (even to the extent of the Maffter's watch and cloathing), twelve bars of iron only excepted, which they could not conveniently take away. In this diftrefs, Captain Douglas find ing himself utterly unable to proceed, applied to Don Martinez to fupplicate relief, and obtained a trifling fupply, for which he was called upon for bills on his owners at a moft exorbitant rate; but even then was reftrained from proceeding to fea till the return of the NorthWeft America, which Don Martinez faid he could difpofe of for 400 dollars, the value set upon her by one of the Ameri. can captains. The North-Weft America, however, not arriving fo foon as expected, Capt. Douglas was told he might depart on leaving orders for the master to deliver up the veffel, on his arrival, for the ufe of his Catholic Majefty. Accordingly, on the 15th of June, he wrote to the Mafter; but, availing himself of Don Martinez's ignorance of the English language, cautiously forebore to give any directions to the effect required, and instantly failed from Nootka Sound, though very unfit to proceed on fuch a voyage, leaving behind him the two American veffels (Columba and Washington) which had been fuffered to continue there all the winter unmolefted. The Iphigenia fortunately arrived fafe at the Sandwich Inlands; where, by means of the iron on board, being fupplied with neceffaries, the proceeded to China, and anchored there in October 1789. [Here Mr Mears, by way of illuftration, introduces a tranfaction, no otherwife connected with his narrative, but as it proves the merchandife, &c. of which the Britifh fhips were plundered, to have been British property.] Soon after the departure of the Iphigenia from Nookta Sound, Don Martinez became acquainted with the purport of the before-mentioned letter, and on the arrival of the North- Weft America, on the 9th of June the was feized and towed into Nootka harbour, where the was formally taken poffeffion of as a lawful prize; her cargo conlifting of 215 fkins of the beft quality, her stores, and furniture, confifcated, and her crew made prifoners, fome of whom were afterwards put in irons. The Princess Royal (one of the ships fitted out at London), on her arrival foon after the seizure of the North-West America, was not only suffered to depart, but the skins taken from on board the North-West America (12 only of the beft quality, detained by Don Martinez, excepted) were fhipped on board her for the benefit of the owners; and that fhip put to fea (as appears by her Journal) on the 2d of July, to pursue the trade upon the coaft. But what adds to the atrocity of this extraordinary tranfaction is, that, after feizing the North-Weft America, and imprifoning her men, Don Martinez fhould employ her on a trading voyage, from which the returned in 20 days with 75 skins, obtained by British merchandise taken either from that veffel at the time of her capture, or from the Iphigenia. The value of fuch furs cannot be estimated at less than 7500 dol. lars, all which Don Martinez applied to his own use. About the third of July 1789, the Argonaut appeared in the offing, when Don Martinez boarded her in his launch, and, with expreffions of civility, invited Mr Colnette into the Sound; but next day (notwithstanding the moft folemn affurances) fent his first lieutenant with a military force to take poffeffion of the Argonaut; and that ship was accor⚫ dingly, in like manner, seized in the name of his Catholic Majefty, the British flag hauled down, and the Spanish flag hoifted in its ftead, her officers and men made prifoners, and Mr Colnette threatened to be hanged at the yardarm in cafe of non-compliance with the orders that should be given him. On the 13th of July, the Princefs Royal again appeared (as is ftated in her Journal) off the port of Nootka; but her commander approaching the Sound in his boat, in expectation of finding there the commander of the expedition, was feized and made prifoner, under the threats of immediate execution if he refufed to deliver up his fhip without con teft. A Spanish officer was accordingly fent to take poffeffion of her, who brought her into port, made prifoners of her men, and prize of her cargo, conlifting of 473 fkins (including those put сд on board her from the North-Weft A merica), as appears by the receipt in poffeffion of the proper officer. From this circumstance, Mr Colnette became fo deranged in his mind, that he had frequently attempted to destroy himself; that, notwithstanding this melancholy misfortune, Don Martinez endeavoured to avail himself of the copper (being the principal part of the cargo of which the Princess Royal was compofed); in which attempt he would have fucceeded, had not the other officers prevented it. The Memorialift farther reprefents, that the American fhip Columba intending to fail for China (the principal part of her crew and provifions being previoufly put on board the Washington, to enable that ship to continue to trade upon the coaft), the crew of the NorthWeft America was ordered by Don Martinez on board the Columba, and her fupplies (reduced by furnishing her confort) to be made up from the Argo naut; that, previous to the departure of the Columba, 96 fkins were alfo put on board her, to defray the wages of the officers and crew of the North-Weft America, under a supposition that their late employers would be unable to liquidate their demands; first deducting, however, 30 per cent. from the fales, which Don Martinez had agreed fhould be paid, for the freight of the said skins, to the American commanders. juft been opened on the lands which the Memorialift had before purchased. To this memorial Mr Mears has added the depofitions of the officers and crew of the North-West America, extracts from the Journal of the Iphigenia, and other authentic documents; which, added to the internal evidence of the memorial itself, leaves no room to doubt its authenticity. Gent. Mag. Expence of an election-dinner in the time of IN the reign of Queen Elifabeth, Sir Oli ver Wilkie was chofen Member of Parliament for the City of Bristol; and, as he was a gentleman of extenfive benevolence, he gave fo fumptuous an entertainment at his election, that a maiden aunt of Sir Oliver's gave 10,000l. from him and the family, because the confidered him as too prodigal. What reafon the good old Lady had to think fo, will appear from the following bill of fare at this grand dinner : Calves feet foup at the upper end, . d. f. At the bottom of the table, roaft rabbit, o 2 o At Sir Oliver's right hand, ftewed cockles, FIRST COURSE At his left fide, poached eggs with hop tops, Oppofite fide, boiled mushrooms, SECOND COURSE Dish of fish at the upper end (fried At the bottom, tripe ragoo'd in its own ΟΙ Ο ΟΙ Ο Next to Sir Oliver's right hand, rice frit ters, Oppofite, eggs alamode, Ο Ι Ι 012 ΟΙ Ι 003 OI 2 Ditto, to the right, oysters on fhell, or o Middle, black caps as above, 002 002 The Columba, being thus amply provided, left Nootka Sound, and a few days after entered Port Cox, where the joined her confort, from whom fhe received a confiderable number of skins, conceived to be the whole (excepting the 96 before mentioned) which had been collected by the Americans and Spaniards, befides thofe taken from the British; with which the proceeded to Chi-na, where she arrived Nov. 2. and landed the crew of the North-West America, who, previous to their leaving Nootka Sound, bad feen the Argonaut proceed prize to San Blas, with her officers and men prifoners; and that the Princefs Bread and fmall beer, what you please, o oo Royal was foon to follow in the fame manner. The Washington, on joining the Columba in Port Cox, confirmed this intelligence of the Princefs Royal. To add to these outrages against the British, Don Martinez had thought fit to detain the Chinese, and had compelled them to work in the mines which had Phyfical Difquifition on the Colour and March 12. fimple folid have a fhare in diftinguish- REading fome time fince one of Dr lour from the juice which fills the inter Cheyne's publications, I met with an obfervation, that the hairs of the head correfponded with the fibres of the body and confequently that, if the fibres of the body were ftrong, the hair would be fo likewife. From this I have been induced to make remarks upon the fubject; and although I cannot find one weakly conftitution or nervous perfon with ftrong hair, yet I know feveral of ftrong conftitutions with very weak hair. As this appears to me to contradict the Doctor's affertion, I should be thankful for an explanation from any of your medical correfpondents. And, now I am upon the fubject, I wish to know whether there is any foundation for the vulgar opinion, that having much hair over the body is a fign of strength. Gent. Mag. T. W. The following answer appeared foon after the publication of the above. It is dated Wootton Baffet, April 5. IT has been remarked, by moft phyfio logical writers, as a general maxim, that the colour and ftrength of the body and hairs were fimilar :-but deviations were allowed. nal ftructure (as they are fuppofed to have a circulation going on in them, the decreafe or lofs of which, in old people, as it dries up, caufes them to fall off or dry up; and has been reckoned, amongst other opinions, the reafon of the grey colour they acquire), or the rete muco/um, lo called from its foft, fpreading texture, filling the interftices of the fibres running between the outward skin (or cuticle) and inner or true fkin underneath. This fubftance cannot be so easily dif covered in the White, or European, as in the negro, though it exifts in the for mer in the fame manner. It is this mucofe body which gives the colour to the skin. It is black in the negro; white, brown, or yellowish, in the European,to the colour of which the hair is found to agree. The different colour in ani. mals marks the difference of tempera. ments; as thofe with fresh, fair skins are more fufceptible of cold, than those of darker; and are more irritable in mind, paffions, and fome difeafes:-the different changes of climate affect those. ple were lefs able to refift cold, fo darker It has been thought, that, as fairer peopeople could not refift heat: thofe who have lived long in hot climates can beft determine this. Mr Hunter, in his public lectures, gives a table of Dr Young's obfervations on the 23d regiment, from the year 1765 to 1768, in the island of landed 450 men. To illuftrate this, they †, a hot climate, where they were ftrong and healthy; the different colours of the fkin having been taken previous to their leaving England. Colour of fkin. "Many experiments fhow that the ftrength of the hair does for a great part of life follow the denfity of the fimple folid in other parts of the body; and that the ftate of the hair is correfponding to that of the fimple folids. Thele may in different perfons be confiderably varied by the difference of diet, exercife, climate, &c. But, at the fame time, as the state of the folids feems to be often an hereditary condition, and as it fre quently fhows itfelf very early in life, before the circumftances juft now mentioned can be fuppofed to have modified its ftate; fo it is highly probable that the ftate of the fimple folid depends up. on the difference of the original ftamina Light brown of the body: and as that difference will proportionably prevail throughout the whole of life, fo, notwithstanding the circumstances in the manner of living, it will always have its fhare in producing a difference in the ftate of the folid, in different perfons, at the fame period of life. Difference of folid muft occafion a difference in the whole of the state of Fresh Pale 24 21 3 94 He also gives another comparative table, mentioning the colour of the hair and eyes; from which he deduces, that more fair people died than others. * Cullen's Treatife on the Materia Medica In my MS. the name is omitted. It may not be wrong here, and I hope will not be thought too prolix, to give the defcription of the two temperaments, which include the limits on each fide of the general conftitution of most people. Such as have foft, long, lank, pale-coloured hair, or of various fhades apAproaching to that, or thence to red, with kin white, and fimple folids, soft and lax, fair, ruddy complexion, blue or pale-coloured eyes, the whole body full and plump, or inclined to fatnefs, efpecially after the time of puberty; eafily moved by exertions, or foon overcome by them, as the ftrength is but moderate, and agile; the mind active, lively, and mutable; the nervous fyftem feelingly tender, and irritable; are faid to be of a fanguine temperament. The oppofite to which is the melancholic. The hair is ftrong, hard, black, and curled; fkin coarfer, and darker-coloured; eyes dark coloured, or black, body thin and bony, with dense and firm folids, strong; the mind not so active, but steady, cautious, and timid, not eafily irritated. The difcriminating characters of this temperament more generally belong to the male fex; the former, both in body and mind, more prevalent in the female fex. Deviations from each of these temperaments constitute all observable varieties, as they approach more or lefs to the one or the other. If much in the fyftem depends upon original ftamina, we may enquire after the appearance of the hair from that. What is called hereditary, is a difpofition (or given natural power peculiar of the object) of the parents to give the child the fame difpofition and fufceptibility with the powers of action like itself. The colour of animals is hereditary. Per manent hereditary difpofitions take place under every variety of climate, food, &c. In the more perfect animals, the produce being the effect of the union of the two, the child may inherit the difpofition of the father or mother, accord. ing to which happens to give the difpofition; or it may be a mixture of both, and hereditarily may continue through feveral generations, and afterwards ceafe, If a strong conftitution should have weak ly bair, it may be confidered as a variety in the temperament (which in moft people is more or lefs mixed, according to the defcription given of each), or a local deviation from the particular temperament the fyftem may moftly agree to, caufed by hereditary difpofition from one or other of the parents, or lufus naturæ. As there are two caufes to pro. duce a third, we may fuppofe that chil dren are more like one another than the parents; the fame caufes operating in them all. There are alfo certain times when parents are more difpofed to give a particular form or appearance, as twins are generally moft alike; and ufually fo are children born near the fame period, than those born at a diftance of time from one another. If the varieties of colour vary in any one from their parents, it is from that difpofition in the parents being at a particular time difpofed to give that variety; and as we fee in a family of children, that the colour of the hair varies from each other, by fome varying from the colour the parents poffefs, even if the parents are alike in that refpect; which variety in any one child is to be accounted for from what is faid above. And as we fee daily exceptions, we are not to lay it down as a decifive rule, that the hairs correfpond with the fibres of the body. We seldom fee weakly people with ftrong hair, because every particular part of the fyftem is nourished by peculiar, means appointed for that purpose; and if it is allowed that a fecretion takes place at the roots of the hairs, and a conveyance to them of what is neceffary for their fupport and growth, if the action and power that fupplies that is in a debile state, we may expect the hair to be fo alfo ; as whenever the health and strength are deranged by difeafe, every part fuffers. In febrile complaints, when the patient is much reduced, we find the hair, which in health was ftrong and firm, now weakened and falling off, but recovering itfelf as itrength in the body returns; unlefs by the difeafe the bulb or root has been deftroyed, and rendered unfit for the purposes of nutrition. The cuticle in fevers will entirely peel off; fo we may fuppofe alfo great hurt may be done to the hair. Aftrong conftitution may then, from what has been faid, have weakly hair, in oppofition to other parts of the diftinguishing temperament. Local variation, or defect of the fecreting or nourishing parts concerned, (even though the whole frame does not partake), may be fuch as that there may not be a proper fupply to the hair, to render it equally as firm as the other parts of the conftitu tion. If this is right, it may be non rally |