APPENDIX D.

PROTEST AGAINST THE TARIFF OF 1841.

FROM THE MESSAGE OF GOVERNOR RICHARDSON, NOVEMBER 23, 1841.

THE living generation, who were witnesses of the struggles and pledges in the late contest for her constitutional rights, have not yet passed away; the monuments of the times have not yet perished; the very altars consecrated by her vows are still before us; even her preparations for defence are still in readiness and requisition; the age, its records and recollections, have scarcely become a part of history, before the very burdens and oppressions which they were intended to resist are renewed with shameful infidelity, which seeks neither pretext nor justification. A home valuation, cash duties, and an unreasonable and exorbitant revenue of more than thirty million dollars, it is believed, are little less onerous in amount, or unconstitutional in effect, than the enormous forty per cent duties which the sovereignty of the State was so sternly interposed to resist; and if, upon the principle of all protective duties, they are destined to increase to an extent and enormity to which our experience in the past as well as the tendency of the times forebodes, then it will be for you to say whether South Carolina has so fallen from her high eminence of sovereignty and independence as to submit by silent acquiescence in these wrongs and grievances, that there is no mode, no remedy, no measure of redress. . . . There can arise no emergency in which the hands and hearts of her citizens would not be invincibly united in her defence.

South Carolina Laws (1841).

APPENDIX E.

NULLIFICATION REAFFIRMED.

REPORT OF THE Committee ON FEDERAL RELATIONS, 1842.

EACH State of the Union, as an independent party to the contract, had from the beginning, has now, and will retain to the end of time, the undoubted right to resort to this test, to try every law which is passed by the Federal Legislature; and when that body assume to make an enactment not sanctioned by that instrument, the States, by all the settled rules of right, may refuse their sanction and obedience, and say, "Non in hæc federa veni." Such we understand to be the fundamental principle of State Rights Democracy. South Carolina Laws (1842).

APPENDIX F.

PROTEST AGAINST THE TARIFF OF 1842.

FROM THE MESSAGE OF GOVERNOR HAMMOND, 1844.

THE proceedings of the last session of Congress form an epoch in our history. With... the circumstances under which the Act of Congress, called the Compromise Act, was passed, you are familiar. That Act was in fact a treaty, made between belligerent parties with arms in their hands, solemnly ratified by the federal government, on the one part, and the Convention of the State of South Carolina on the other, and deposited among the archives of our country. . . . By that treaty South Carolina bound herself to submit for nine years longer to an unconstitutional and most oppressive tariff, in consideration that its exactions should be gradually reduced during that period. . . . In 1842 the period arrived for the federal government to fulfil its stipulations and reduce the tariff to twenty per cent ad valorem or lower. . . . But, instead of reducing them, the rates of duties were increased . . . to a higher point than the tariff which South Carolina had delared null and void within her own limits in 1832; which declaration led to the Compromise Act. History furnishes no instance of a grosser or more insulting breach of faith, while perhaps no law has ever been enacted by the regular government of a civilized country so subversive of the rights and destructive to the interests of any respectable portion of its people as the tariff of 1842, considered in all its bearings, is to the rights and interests of the planting

PROTEST AGAINST THE TARIFF OF 1842. 155

States of this Confederation. It might naturally have been expected that this State . . . would immediately nullify the Act; but she did not. Closely united at the time with the great Democratic party of the Union on the general principle of government, and on certain questions of federal policy of the utmost moment, seeing that this policy had carried the election to the House of Representatives by a large majority, she paused and determined to await the action of another Congress. The new Congress met. . . . Propositions were made in both branches to modify the tariff, and signally defeated. In the House, where the Democratic majority was large, the proposition was disposed of almost without debate; and a majority of the Democrats north of the Potomac actually voted against it. There seems to be no reasonable or even plausible ground on which to rest a hope that this law . . . will ever be repealed, or reduced to the standard of the compromise.

Under these circumstances, it devolves on South Carolina to decide what course she will pursue in reference to the tariff. . . . It appears to me that our State is bound, by her past history and the principle she professes, to adopt such measures as will bring all her moral, constitutional, and, if necessary, her physical resources in direct array against a policy which has never been checked but by her interposition, and which impoverishes our country, revolutionizes our government, and overthrows our liberties. South Carolina Laws (1844).

APPENDIX G.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NULLIFICATION.

THE following is a list of authorities consulted in the preparation of this monograph.

ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. The Memoirs of John Quincy Adams Edited by C. F. Adams. 12 vols. Philadelphia, 1876.

BENTON, THOMAS HART. Thirty Years' View; or, A History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850. 2 vols. New York, 1861, 1862.

CALHOUN, JOHN C. Letter to the Hon. Robert S. Garnett, of Virginia, dated Washington, D. C., July 3, 1824, printed in the Montgomery Daily Advertiser, March 7, 1893.

Works of John C. Calhoun. Edited by Richard K. Crallé. 6 vols. New York, 1883.

CAPERS, HENRY D. Life and Times of C. G. Memminger. Richmond, 1893.

CHARLESTON MERCURY. July 10, 21, 28, 1826; Dec. 26, 1826; June 18, 28, 1828; July 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 1828; Aug. 4, 27, 1828; Sept. 8, 10, 1828; Oct. 9, 1828.

CHASE, GEORGE BIGELOW. Lowndes of South Carolina. An Historical and Genealogical Memoir. Boston, 1876.

COLUMBIA TELESCOPE. July 16, 1828.

COOPER, THOMAS. On the Constitution of the United States and the Questions that have arisen on it. Columbia, 1826. (Pamphlet.)

A Tract on the proposed Alteration of the Tariff, submitted to the Consideration of the Members from South Carolina in the ensuing Congress of 1823-24. Charleston, 1823. (Pamphlet.)

Account of the Trial of Dr. Thomas Cooper before