ble now, and which is better calculated to and we may leave to private study the task satisfy existing requirements than the scant of tracing the course of academical history and imperfect methods which have been in later and better known times. Since the adopted, or accepted as the mouldering rem- Reformation, or rather since those theologinants of a long declining system. We have cal, political, and social agitations, which found much which, if again applied with due ushered in the Reformation, the European discretion, might in our estimation give more Universities have lost much of their earlier efficiency to our large educational establish- splendor. The extinction or impoverishment ments, and give greater fullness, variety and of the monasteries and of the religious orperfection to the education which they are ders, and the secularization of the Church designed to afford. We offer the suggestions lands, with the concomitant dissipation of thus acquired, not as plans of reform, but as the ecclesiastical revenues, operated very the seeds of future improvement. Let them injuriously to the cause of education, and germinate and fructify in other minds, and were pre-eminently pernicious to the Unilet the harvest, if any there should be, and versities. Evidence to this effect is abunthe credit of the cultivation, be theirs. No dant; if evidence were required in a case adequate improvement can be introduced which is sufficiently explained by the civil with permanent benefit into any department agitations, civil wars, and religious dissenof social organization, unless founded on sions of the time. In regard to England, a knowledge of the previous history and Sir William Hamilton says: "The effect changes in that department, and framed in was but too apparent; for many years the consonance with the past, and therefore with Universities were almost literally deserted."* the future tendencies of the civilization to The same testimony is borne by Burton in which it belongs. The Universities and Col- his Anatomy of Melancholy, and by Reid in leges of the present century neither supply his history of the University of Glasgow.t the wants of the time, nor render any satis- It is repeated for France, and Germany, and faction comparable to the expenses of their Switzerland, by Franciscus Balduinus, Monendowment and continued maintenance. taigne, Morhofius, Beatus Rhenanus, and Something more than they perform, or pro- Schiller; and doubtless in stronger terms fess to perform, is required by the scholar by many authors with whom we are unacwho has the great interests of learning at quainted. From that period the older Uniheart, and by the calculating, practical man versities sunk into comparative and graduof business whose views take a different, but ally increasing obscurity; and the new founscarcely less important direction. Can the dations with scantier means, more contracted desires of both parties be satisfied, and by aims, and less liberal organizations, never atthe same changes? We think they may be:tained to their grandeur or usefulness. It is but that it can only be done by a partial re-only within the last half century or so, that currence to the principles which originated, the German Universities have acquired for and the forms which regulated the develop- themselves a celebrity for recondite learning, ment of the early Universities. which may be favorably compared with the If, instead of detached historical notices, past-but still the contrast is unfavorable in a formal history of Universities and Colle- respect to the generality and cheapness of ges had been proposed, it would have been the education afforded. Oxford and Caminexcusable to have given so little attention bridge have become the hives of idle pento the dates of the foundation of the princi- sioners-the luxuries of the rich, the treadpal Universities, and to the merits of their founders; and it would have been still more inexcusable to have brought this inquiry to a close without following in some detail the fortunes of the leading establishments during the late centuries. But our main object is attained by the examination of the earlier periods, brief and fragmentary as it has been;

*Discussions. p. 415. The evidences on which the

opinion is founded are collected in the note.
strong and important testimony.

+ Reid's Works. p. 727-8. Ed. Sir Wm. Hamilton. 4

Fr: Balduinus. apud Heineccii Jurispr. Rom. and Att. tom. i. p. 1547, 1618-19, 1656-7. Marhofii Polyhistor Ps. i. lib. i, c. ii. § 17. c. v. § 26. Beat : Rhenan. ad. Liv. Drakenborchii. lib. iii. c. xliv. 6. Schiller's Thirty

Years' War. Book. i. p. 2. Ed. Bohn.

22. 23.

25.
26.

Names of Universities-awd Observations.

mills of the poor-though amply remunerating the few that can win their honours. The 21. University of Perugia. Savigny prefers 1276, Universities and Colleges of our own country are only small imitations of parts of the ancient system which have survived else- 24. where; and these are most incongruously put together. Moreover, in a free country, under a republican government they furnish 27. less assistance and less encouragement to struggling genius or the industry of the aspiring poor, than are afforded by similar establishments in the earlier ages, or even in any other country.

28. 29.

30.

31.

34.

36. 37.

A chronological table of the foundations of 35. the principal Universities and of the great English Grammar Schools is appended, to furnish a scanty outline of the history of Uni- 38. versities and Colleges. Incomplete as it is, it has cost much labour.

Grenoble,
Cracow,

[others assign 1307,

1276

Coimbra,

1279

Lisbon,

1279

Lerida,

1300

Lyons,

1330

Avignon. Confirmed by the Pope

[in 1390,

1303

46

1330

1343

Prague,

1360

THE INTERIOR OF A DILIGENCE.

From the French of Emile Souvéstre.

"It is a bad practice to look upon the dark ide of things; but there is another of which Vou never speak. Your eyes are always fasened upon the horizon where smokes the volcano, and will not look upon the green and undulating fields ripening for the harvest at your feet. At all events there is some happiness, even in this world."

"I know nothing of it," replied Gontran, in a tone of chagrin.

"What can there be for you to desire? You are rich, honored, and surrounded by a family who fondly love you."

It was the latter part of September. After falling in torrents during the whole day, the rain had at length ceased; but a dense fog completely enveloped the heavens and although it was scarcely four o'clock, the shades of night had already fallen. A lumbering "But, Gontran, you must see that your coach drawn by jaded horses, wearily mount-position here is among the most fortunate." ed one of those steep hills which separates "It is, indeed, and in the meantime I deBelleville from Lyons, and the postilions clare that I have never found either peace or walked by the side of the miserable horses; contentment in all the good which has been stopping, at every five paces, to enable them given me !" to breathe and gather up their strength for another pull. The passengers themselves, at the driver's request, had alighted, and following the miserable equipage on foot, cursed "Yes, I acknowledge all this; but my forindiscriminately and heartily the horses, the tune has involved me in a most troublesome rain, and the bad roads. Two of them, in lawsuit, for which I have just made the third the rear of their companions, suddenly paused journey to Mâcon; my good reputation has at a turn on the hill. One was a man nearly not prevented my adversary from injuring me fifty years of age with a pleasant, benevolent through his lawyer; and as to my family"look; the other, much younger, on the contrary, had an anxious, care-worn expression mingled with a little ill humor. He looked over the country half buried in the fog and said to his companion,

66

"What of them?" asked Grugel.

Why, my sister, with whom I have always lived upon the most affectionate terms, I have just become embroiled with her""Oh, that will be but a short quarrel."

No, indeed, do not think it; I am tired of putting her affairs in order. She will never let them remain so, and I have been too much troubled with her carelessness and unreasonableness."

"Think of her excellent heart, and you will pardon her."

Oh, I know that you will always find some reason for me to bear these troubles with patience; you have a recipe for every wound of the soul; and if I pushed you a little farther, I have not the least doubt but you would prove that I am wrong to complain, and every thing is good in this world."

"Not precisely," replied Grugel, "there are many things in the world which grieve me as well as you; but I am not certain that

Well, am I not right, when I see how things go on in this world? Where do you find peace, order, prosperity? I hear of nothing but conflagrations, contagions, inundations and murders. What the evil nature of man spares-evil nature itself annihilates; I am the best judge: Life is a great mystery for even brute matter seems imbued with the instinct of destruction. The very elements are like kings-it is impossible for them to remain neighbors without declaring war against each other."

of which the most expansive souls can comprehend but very little. Shall I confess it to you? There are times when I am convinced that God has not inflicted upon mankind with so many evils without some design.

"Our companion with the felt cap has sufficiently relieved us of that charge."

Happy and invulnerable, they would soon become hardened and ferocious-each would trust in his own individual strength-per- Ah, now again I have you-will you be fectly satisfied in his isolation, he would re- so good as to extract the gold from him? He main without sympathy for his fellow man. only entered the coach since morning, and Now their feebleness forces men to each the conductor sent him from the imperial to other-compels them to assist and love one the coupé, and they have sent him to those another. Sorrow has become the strong tie in the interior. And in the two hours we which binds them, and to that we owe the have had him, he has familiarised us with noblest and sweetest of all feelings-devo- the history, even to the fifth degree, of his tion and pity." family. I know that for twenty years he

"Very well, indeed!" replied Gontran, has been commissary for several depart. smiling, "not being able to prove that all is ments, and that he has been married three good, you are determined to maintain that times. But all this could be borne if we had there is good in evil, eh?"

"Sometimes," replied Grugel. "Rest assured that evil is not absolute: Science borrows remedies from the deadliest poisons; why can we not draw some good from misfortunes, accidents and evil passions? Believe me, Gontran, there is no human mine, however poor, but some grains of gold can be found in it."

"That caps the climax! Then I would like to know what amount you have found in our travelling companions."

66

Come, come, cousin, let us see,-from the guard, that curious specimen of our race, down to the last in this assemblage-what is there amongst them which proclaims them the noblest and most intelligent of all created beings?"

"I must confess," replied Grugel, that chance has not favored us very highly here." "No matter," replied Gontran, rendered stubborn by his misanthropy; "no matter, let us extract the gold from the mine, as you say; and first, how many grains can you hope to find in that cattle-dealer just before us?"

not to submit to his questions! He is as full of curiosity as he is of gossip, and when he has finished his confessions, he wishes you to make yours. If you meditate he will talk to you: if you talk he will interrupt you. His tongue is like a never-ceasing rattle, and ends in giving you an attack of the nerves.” "Poor Leprè!" said Grugel, in a mock heroic tone; however, he is a good soul at the bottom."

He has one merit at least," replied Gontran, "that of troubling M'lle Locherais: for we must not forget that amiable companion of our journey who, after crying out several times that it was necessary for ali to get out, that the poor horses might pull the coach up the hill, at last excused herself. and remained seated for fear of wetting her shoes."

"You must pardon her; for the isolation to which she has been accustomed has not made her careful of the wants of others; her heart is cramped."

Cramped," interrupted Gontran, indignantly, "you deceive yourself, my dear sir; Grugel raised his eyes and perceived the M'lle Locherais has an immense heart-for traveller designated by his cousin. He was herself! The entire world seems to have a coarse, fat man, in a blue blouse, following been created for her own particular use: she with slow and heavy steps the tracks of the cannot comprehend how any thing can pass wheels and gnawing upon a chicken's wing. in it without some relation to her. She is "That is the seventh repast I have seen one of those sweet creatures, who, when him take since morning," said Gontran, "and the cry of murder is heard in the streets at still the coach pockets are bursting with his night, turns over on her pillow and complains provisions. He eats and sleeps, and wakes of having her sleep disturbed!"'

to eat and sleep again. He is not an idiot: Grugel, who had suffered Gontran to folhe is merely a digesting machine! You low his whim without interruption, was have seen him yourself;-impossible to draw about to reply, when they came to the top any thing intelligible from such a document of the hill: the conductor calling to the pas as that." sengers to hasten in, he followed as fast as