Home, to the house,' an ancient accusative, to be distinguished from the ordinary accusative in he loves his own home.'

Always, at all times,' the accusative of time; compare the ordinary accusative in 'he tries all ways of doing mischief.'

Sometimes, at some times,' the accusative of time; compare the ordinary accusative in 'he remembered some times of great distress.'

Awhile, a while,' the accusative of time; compare the ordinary accusative in he spent a long while.'

Needs, from necessity,' an ancient adverbial genitive from need.

Noways, in no manner,' an ancient adverbial genitive from no way.

Nightly, 'by night,' 'every night,' with adverbial suffix ly. Beside, by side,' i. e., moreover; compare he sat by the side.'

Between, by twain,' i. e., in the intermediate space; compare by twain he did fly.'

Away, on way,' i. e., at a distance; compare he stopped on the way.'

ADVERBS FROM CASES.

§ 318. Seldom is the old Dative of the Adjective Seld. Whilom is the Dative of the Substantive While.

Else, unawares, eftsoons, by rights, are Genitive forms of Adjectives.

Needs (as in needs must go) is the Genitive case of a

Substantive.

Once, twice, thrice are the Genitive forms of Numerals. Little, less, well are Neuter Accusatives of Adjectives. Athwart is a Neuter Accusative.

The Neuter Accusative is a common source of Adverbs in all tongues.

ADVERBS HAVING THE SAME FORM AS ADJECTIVES.

§ 319. In Anglo-Saxon, (which for our present purpose may be regarded as ancient English, or the language of our

ancestors,) the adverb was usually formed from the adjective by the addition of e; as, georn and geornlic, earnest; georne and geornlice, earnestly; sweotol, manifest; sweotole and sweotolice, manifestly; swidh and swidhlic, great; swidhe and swidhlice, greatly.

It is exactly by dropping this adverbial termination e, especially where the connection in meaning of the adverb and of the adjective is not immediately obvious, that in English many adverbs are found agreeing in form with the adjectives from which they are derived; as,

Whence Eng.

1. Anglo-Sax. clæn, adj. and clæne, adv. clean, adj. and adv. The use of the adverb clean, signifying 'entirely,' is found Josh. 3: 17. Ps. 77: 8. etc. Its connection with the adjective clean, signifying 'pure,' is not obvious at first view. This use of the adverb clean is now deemed inelegant. The form cleanly is used for the adverb

in the more obvious senses.

Whence

2. Anglo-Sax. clænlic, adj. and clanlice, adv. Eng. cleanly, adj. and adv. The form cleanlily is objectionable on euphonic grounds, and is never used.

3. Anglo-Sax. fæst and fæstlic, adj. and fæste and fæstlice, adv. Germ. fest, adv. Whence Eng. fast, adj. and adv. The form fastly is not used at all.

4. Anglo-Sax. heag and healic, adj. and heage and healice, adv. Whence Eng. high, adj. and adv. The form high as an adverb is now nearly superseded by the form highly.

5. Anglo-Sax. heard and heardlic, adj. and hearde and heardlice, adv. Whence Eng. hard, adj. and adv. The forms hard and hardly are both used as adverbs, but with discrimination.

6. Anglo-Sax. hlud, adj. and hlydde, adv. Whence Eng. loud, adj. and adv. The form loud as an adverb is found Neh. 12: 42, but both forms loud and loudly are now used.

7. Anglo-Sax. lang or long, adj. and lange or longe and longlice, adv. Whence Eng. long, adj. and adv. The form longly is not used at all.

8. Anglo-Sax. læt or lat, adj. and late or late and iætlice, adv. Whence Eng. late, adj. and adv. The form lately is also used in the sense of recently.

9. Anglo-Sax. riht and rihtlic, adj. and rihte and rihtelice, adv. Whence Eng. right, adj. and adv. The forms right and rightly are both used as adverbs, but with discrimination.

10. Anglo-Sax. sar and sarlic, adj. and sare and sarlice, adv. Whence Eng. sore, adj. and adv. The forms sore and sorely are now both used as adverbs.

11. Anglo-Sax. seft or soft and seftlic, adj. and sefte or softe, adv. Whence Eng. soft, adj. and adv. The form soft as an adverb is found in poetry, which often employs antiquated forms; as, "And soft unto himself he sayed."Chaucer. "Soft sighed the flute."-Thomson. form in prose is entirely superseded by softly.

But this

12. Anglo-Sax. thic, adj. and thicce and thiclice, adv. Whence Eng. thick, adj. and adv. The forms thick and thickly are now both used as adverbs.

13. Anglo-Sax. wid, adj. and wide, adv. Whence Eng. wide, adj. and adv. The forms wide and widely are now both used as adverbs.

14. Anglo-Sax. yfel and yfellic, adj. and yfele, adv. Whence Eng. evil or ill, adj. and adv. The form evilly or illy, which was used in one stage of the English language, is now obsolete.

In the following example, the adverbial termination seems to be retained in pronunciation, both in the adjective and in the adverb:

15. Anglo-Sax. hræd and hrædlic, adj. hrædhe and hrædlice, adv. Whence Eng. ready, adj. and adv. The forms ready and readily are both used as adverbs, but with discrimination.

That this mode of forming adverbs has extended itself to a few adjectives of French or Latin origin, is not surprising; as, Eng. clear, adj. and adv. (comp. Fr. clair, Lat. clarus and clare); just, adj. and adv. (comp. Fr. juste, Lat. justus and juste).

These comparisons, if rightly made, lead to the following conclusions, which throw light on some points still mooted by writers on English grammar:

1. In examples like the following, certain forms, which

some have claimed to be adjectives, are really adverbs, for they once had the termination peculiar to this class of words: "To stick fast in mire ;" comp. Anglo-Sax. sticode fæste, stuck fast, with the adverbial termination.

"Correct thy heart, and all will go right;" comp. AngloSax. rihte, with the adverbial termination.

"Favors came thick upon him ;" comp. Anglo-Sax. feollon thicce, fell thick, with the adverbial termination.

"Open thine hand wide;" comp. Anglo-Sax. wide, with the adverbial termination.

2. This use of certain adjectives without change of form, as adverbs, has descended to us fairly from our ancestors, and is not to be reprobated as an innovation in language.

3. The apparent poetic use of adjectives for adverbs is to be explained on the principle that the poets delight in antique forms. This use is often found in poetry, where it is obso lete in prose; as,

"Drink deep or taste not the Pierian spring."-POPE.

§ 320. The principal office of the Adverb is to modify the meaning of adjectives and verbs, and its secondary office is to modify adverbs. The same offices are performed by certain phrases or combinations of words; as, "He struck at random." Here at random modifies the verb struck; "This happened many days afterward." Here many days modifies the adverb afterward, and afterward modifies the verb "happened." These adverbial phrases, inasmuch as they perform the office of single words, might be thrown into the form of single words, as has been done in such words as heretofore, howsoever.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

§ 321. Certain Adverbs are capable of taking an Inflec tion, namely, that of the comparative and the superlative degrees; as, Well, better, best; ill, worse, worst; little, less,

least; much, more, most; soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest; long, longer, longest.

Adverbs ENDING IN LY are compared by more and most; as, Brightly, more brightly, most brightly.

Other Adverbs generally, in the meaning they express, have no degrees of intensity, and are therefore incapable of comparison.

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS.

§ 322. Adverbs are usually divided into various Classes, according to the nature of the modification which they denote; as, Adverbs of TIME, of PLACE, NUMBER, DEGREE, MANThis division is Logical rather than Etymological. I. Adverbs of TIME, or those which answer to the question When? or How often?

NER.

1. Of time present: Now, yet, to-day, presently, instantly. 2. Of time past: Yesterday, already, lately, heretofore, hitherto, since, ago, erewhile, erst.

3. Of time to come: Henceforth, hereafter, by-and-by, soon, erelong.

4. Of time relative: When, then, while, whilst, before, after, till, until, betimes, early, late.

5. Of time absolute: Ever, always, aye, never.

6. Of time repeated: Often, oft, sometimes, seldom, rarely. II. Adverbs of PLACE are those which answer to the questions Where? Whither? or Whence? These three words answer to the idea, 1. Of rest in a place; 2. The idea of motion toward a place; 3. The idea of motion from a place. The manner in which different languages express these ideas may be seen in the following table: