At the angles were the cardinal virtues, and on the top a curious figure of Time with a young child in his arms."1 At the village of Thame-on-Thames, which the authorities state meant rest, quiet, otherwise tame or kindly, gentle Time, there is a celebrated figure of St. Kitt, alias Father Time, with the little figure of New Time or Change upon his shoulder. In Etruria a parallel idea would seem to have been current, for Mrs. Hamilton Gray describes an Etruscan work of art inscribed "Isis nourishing Horus, or Truth teaching Time"? It is most unusual to find the Twins depicted as old men, or Bald ones with the mystic Lock of Horus on their foreheads, but in the eighteenthcentury emblem here reproduced the intention of the deviser is unmistakable, and the central Sun is supported by two Times.

In a cave situated at the cross roads at Royston in Hertfordshire, there is the figure of St. Kitt beneath which are apparently eight other figures: these are assumedly "other saints," but the Christian Church does not assign any singular pre-eminence to St. Christopher, and the decorators of the Royston Cave evidently regarded St. Kitt as the Supreme One or God Himself. It is abundantly evident that to our ancestors Kit or Kate was God, Giant, Jeyantt,3 or Good John: that he was deemed the deity of the ocean is obvious from instances where the water in which he stands is full of crabs, dolphins, and other ocean creatures. I have suggested that Christopher was a representation of dad or Death carrying the soul over the river of Death, i.e., "Dowdy" with the spriggan on his back. Among sailors Death is known familiarly as "Old Nick," "Old

1 Thornbury, W., Old and New London, i., 386.

2 Sepulchres of Ancient Etruria, p. 16.

3 The civic giant of Salisbury is named Christopher.

Davy," or "Davy Jones," and in Cornwall they have a curious and inexplicable saying: "as ancient as the Flood of Dava". I think this Dava must have been the genius of the rivers Dove, Taff and Tavy.

That Kit was connected with the eight of the Cretan Eros figure is further implied by the fact that on the summit of a lofty hill near Royston or Roystone there is, or was, a "hollow oval". The length of this prehistoric monument was stated in 1856 as about 31 feet (originally 33 ?) and its breadth about 22 feet. "Within this bank are two circular excavations meeting together in the middle

and nearly forming the figure eight. Both excavations descend by concentric and contracting rings to the walls which form the sides of the chambers." 1 From this description the monument would appear to be identical in design with the 8-in-an-oval emblem here illustrated, a mediæval papermark traceable to the Italian town of St. Donino. Examples of twin earthwork circles forming the figure 8 are not unknown in Ireland.

FIG. 406.-Mediæval Paper mark. From

Les Filigranes (Briquet, C. M.).

At Royston, which, as we shall see, was the Lady Roesia's town, is a place called Cocken Hatch, but whether this is the site of the eight-form monument in question, I am unaware in the megalithic stone illustrated on p. 638 the Cadi is not only holding an 8 on the tip of his caduceus, but he has also a cadet or little son by the hand: cadi is Arabic for a judge, and in Wales the Cadi no doubt acted as the final judge. In Celtic the word cad meant war, an

1 Archæologia, from The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. i., p. 124.

implication that in one of his aspects Ked or St. Kitt was the ever-victorious Michael or the all-conquering Nike: there is a Berkshire ballad extant, in which the word caddling, meaning fighting, is employed, yet caddling is the same word as cuddling. In Scotland, caddie means a messenger or errand boy: Mercury or Hermes was the Messenger of the Gods: among the Greeks, Iris was the Messenger, and Iris was unquestionably the Turkish Orus or St. George. In Arabia, St. George is known as El Khoudr, and it is believed that El Khoudr is not yet dead, but still flies round and round the world: in a subsequent chapter it will be shown that Orus is the same as Horus the Egyptian dragon-slayer; hence Giggras, another of St. George's titles, may be resolved into Mighty Mighty Horus or Eros, and it is possible that the Pictish town of Delginross should read Tall King Eros.

The eleven rows of rocks at Carnac extend, it is said, for eight miles, and at the neighbouring Er-lanic are two megalithic circles, one dipping into the sea, the other submerged in deep water: according to Baring-Gould, these two rings are juxtaposed, forming an 8, and lie on the south-east of the island; the first circle consists of 180 stones (twice nine), but several are fallen, and it can only be seen complete when the tide is out; one stone is 16 feet high; the second circle can be seen only at low tide.1

It is probable that the measurements of the Venus de Quinipily, illustrated on p. 530, are not without significance: the statue stands upon a pedestal, 9 feet high, and the figure itself rises 8 feet high. With eight may be further connoted the eastern teaching of the "Noble Eightfold

1 Brittany, p. 232.

2 Aynsley, Mrs. Murray, Symbolism of the East and West, p. 87.