Secretary's Office. The Secretary of the Navy has charge of everything connected with the naval establishAll inment, and the execution of all laws relating thereto under the general direction of the President. structions to commanders of squadrons and commanders of vessels; all orders to officers; commissions of officers, both in the navy and marine corps; appointments of commissioned and warrant officers, and orders for the enlistment and discharge of seamen, emanate from the Secretary's office. All the duties of the different bureaus are He has a performed under the authority of the Secretary, and their orders are considered as emanating from him

general superintendence of the marine corps, and all the orders of the commandant of that corps are approved by him. The chief of this Bureau has the rank of Commomodore, navy pay.

The Bureau of Navy Yards and Docks has charge of all the navy yards, docks and wharves, buildings and machinery in navy yards, and everything immediately It is also charged with the manconnected with them. agement of the Naval Asylum.

The Bureau of Navigation has charge of the Naval It furnishes Observatory and Hydrographical Office. The vessels with maps, charts, chronometers, etc., together with such books as are allowed to ships of war. Naval Academy, Naval Observatory, and Nautical AlThe chief of this manac are attached to this bureau. bureau has the rank of Commodore, navy pay.

The Bureau of Ordnance has charge of all ordnance and ordnance stores, the manufacture or purchase of cannon, guns, powder, shot, shells, etc., and the equip ment of vessels of war, with everything connected therewith. Chief of Bureau, with rank of Commodore, navy pay.

The Bureau of Construction and Repair has charge of the building and repair of all vessels of war and purchase of material. Chief of Bureau, Chief Constructor, with rank of Commodore, navy pay.

The Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting has charge of providing all vessels with their equipments, as sails, anchors, water tanks, etc., also, charge of the recruiting The chief of this bureau has the rank of Comservice.

modore, navy pay.

The Bureau of Steam Engineering has charge of the construction, repair, etc., of the machinery of steam vessels of war. The Engineer-in-Chief superintends the construction of all marine steam engines for the navy, and, with the approval of the Secretary, decides upon plans for their construction. Chief of Bureau, Engineerin-Chief, with rank of Commodore, navy pay.

The Bureau of Provisions and Clothing contracts for all provisions and clothing for the use of the navy, Chief

NAVAL OBSERVATORY.

1 Clerk, $1,600; 3 civilian astronomers, I instrument maker, $1,500; keeper of grounds, per month, $30; 3 watchmen, per month, $60; 1 messenger, 1 porter, per month, $53.22.

HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE.

1 Clerk, per month, $120; 12 draughtsmen, per month, from $50 to $191.66; 2 writers, 1 painter of charts, per month, $75; i file clerk, per month, $60; 6 laborers, per month, from $40 to $55; 2 printers, per day, $4; 5 engravers, per day, from $3 to $4.

NAUTICAL ALMANAC OFFICE.

7 computers, $1,200 to $1,600; messenger, $720. The remaining civil force of the Navy Department consists of a large number of clerks, draughtsmen, mech nical foremen, and skilled and unskilled operatives at the Admissions of several yards and stations of the navy. civilians to the commissioned force are restricted to naval cadets, cadet-engineers, assistant engineers, second lieutenants of marines, assistant surgeons, assistant pay. masters, chaplains, and naval constructors, and to professors of mathematics, for the scientific branches of the service. Boatswains, gunners, sailmakers and carpenters, are also taken from civil life.

APPOINTMENTS BY THE SECRETARY OF THE
NAVY.

For an Unlimited Term, or during his pleasure.
Assistant astronomers, Naval Observatory.
Chief clerk of the Department.
Chief clerks of the bureaus.
Clerks of the several grades.

The pay of seamen is $253, and of ordinary seamen $210 per annum.

NOTE -The navy ration is commuted at 30 cents per day. The navy spírit ration was totally abolished July 1, 1870.

Navy officers are retired after forty years' service, on their own application; and they are retired in any case after 62 years of age, with some exceptions. The compensation of retired officers is 75 per cent. of the active pay of the same rank, or 50 per cent. (according to the causes of retirement.)

THE UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY AT

ANNAPOLIS.

Va

The United States Naval Academy was opened October 10, 1845, and the credit of its foundation is attributed to Hon. George Bancroft, the Secretary of the Navy under President Polk. The course of instruction, designed to train midshipmen for the navy, at first occupied five years, of which three were passed at sea. rious changes have been made in the course of instruction, which was made seven years in 1850, four years in 1851, and six years (the two last of which are spent at sea) March 3, 1873, where it now remains. The Naval Academy, first located at Annapolis, Maryland, was removed to Newport, R. I.. in May, 1861, but re-established at Annapolis in September, 1865, where it now is, occupying lands formerly known as Fort Severn. The academy is under the direct care and supervision of the Navy Department. There are to be allowed in the academy one cadet-midshipman for every member or delegate in the

House of Representatives, appointed at 1.is nomination, one for the District of Columbia, and ten appointed at large by the President. The number of appointments which can be made is limited by law to twenty-five each year, named by the Secretary of the Navy after competitive examination, the cadets being from 14 to 18 years of age. The successful candidates become students of the academy, and receive the pay of cadet-midshipmen, $500 per annum. Besides the cadet-midshipmen, 25 cadet engineers may be appointed each year, from 16 to 20 years of age, on competitive examination involving a higher standard of knowledge. The course for cadet-engineers is four years at the academy, and two additional years at sea. All cadets who graduate are appointed assistant engineers in the navy as fast as vacancies occur. The course of instruction is thorough, involving a close pursuit of mathematics, steam engineering, physics, mechanics, seamanship, ordnance, history, law, etc. The whole number of students in 18S1 was: Cadet-midshinmen, 161; cadet-engineers, 100; total, 261. The graduating classes of 1881 numbered 72 cadet-midshipmen, and 24 cadet-engineers.

UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITALS.

The sum of $50,000 is appropriated yearly for Naval Hospitals at Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Chelsea, Massachusetts; Brooklyn, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Annapolis, Maryland; Washington, District of Columbia; Norfolk, Virginia: Pensacola, Florida; Mare Island, California; Yokohama, Japan.

*DEPARTMENT OF

This department was established by an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1849. To its supervision and management are committed the following branches of the public service:

Ist. The Public Lands.-Its head is the Commissioner of the General Land Office. The Land Bureau is charged with the survey, management, and sale of the public domain, the revision of Virginia military bounty-land claims, and the issuing of scrip in lieu thereof.

2d. Pensions.-The Commissioner of this bureau is charged with the examination and adjudication of all claims arising under the various and numerous laws passed by Congress, granting bounty land or pensions for the military or naval service in the revolutionary or subsequent wars.

3d. The Indian Office has charge of all matters connected with the Indians.

4th. The Patent Office is charged with the performance of all" acts and things touching and respecting the granting and issuing of patents for new and useful discoveries, inventions, and improvements.'

The Department of the Interior has, besides, the supervision of the accounts of the United States marshals and attorneys, and of the clerks of the United States Courts, and the management of the lead and other mines of the United States, the duty of taking and returning the censuses of the United States, and the management of the affairs of public institutions in the District of Columbia,

OUR PUBLIC LAND SYSTEM.

The public lands of the United States which are still undisposed of and open to settlement, lie in nineteen States and eight Territories. In each case, except Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, the Indian Territory and Alaska, land offices are established, in charge of an officer known as Register of the Land Office, where the records of all surveyed lands are kept, and all applications concerning lands in each district are filed, and inquiries answered The public lands are divided into two great classes. The one class have a dollar and a quarter an acre designated as the minimum price, and the other, two dollars and a half an acre, the latter being the alternate sections, reserved by the United States in land grants to railroads, etc. Titles to these lands may be acquired by private entry on location under the homestead, pre-emption, and timber culture laws, or, as to some classes, by purchase for cash, in the case of lands which may be purchased at private sale, or such as have not been reserved under any law. Such tracts are sold on application to the Land Register, who issues a certificate of purchase, the receiver giving a receipt for the money paid, subject to the issue of a patent, or complete title if the proceedings are found regular, by the Commissioner of the General Land

THE INTERIOR.✩

Office, at Washington.

Entries under land warrants (given mostly for military services under acts of Congress) have fallen off very largely by the absorption of such warrants, there having been no military bounty land warrants provided for on account of services in the late war.

Entries under the pre-emption law are restricted to heads of families, or citizens over twenty-one, who may settle upon any quarter-section (or 160 acres), and have the right of prior claim to purchase on complying with certain regulations.

The homestead laws give the right to one hundred and sixty acres of a dollar-and-a-quarter lands, or to eighty acres of two-dollar-and-a-half lands, to any citizen or applicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will actually settle upon and cultivate the land. This privilege extends only to the surveyed lands, and the title is perfected by the issue of a patent after five years of actual settlement. The only charges in the case of homestead entries are fees and commissions, varying from a minimum of $7 to a maximum of $34 for the whole tract entered, aecording to the size, value, or place of record.

Another large class of free entries of public lands is that provided for under the timber culture acts of 19738. The purpose of these laws is to promote the growth of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right

any settler who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres in trees to an eighty-acre homestead, or, if ten acres, to a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres and a free patent for his land is given him at the end of three years, instead of five. The limitation of the homestead laws to one hundred and sixty acres for each settler is extended in the case of timber culture, so as to grant as many quarter sections of one hundred and sixty acres each as have been improved by the culture, for ten years, of forty acres of timber thereon; but the quartersections must not lie immediately contiguous. The fees and commissions in timber culture entries vary from $13 to $18 for the tract.

UNITED STATES LAND OFFICES.

Alabama-Huntsville, Montgomery.
Arkansas-Little Rock, Camden, Harrison, Dardanelle.
Arizona Territory-Prescott, Florence.

California - San Francisco, Marysville, Humboldt, Stockton, Visalia, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Shasta, Susanville, Bodie.

Colorado-Denver City, Leadville, Central City, Pueblo, Del Norte, Lake City.

Dakota Territory-Mitchell, Watertown, Fargo, Yankton, Bismarck, Deadwood, Grand Forks; Aberdeen. Florida-Gainesville.

Idaho Territory-Boise City, Lewiston, Oxford.
Iowa-Des Moines.

Kansas Topeka, Salina, Independence, Wichita, Kir win, Concordia, Larned, Wa-Keeny.

Louisiana-New Orleans, Natchitoches. Michigan Detroit, East Saginaw, Reed City, Marquette.

Minnesota-Tavlor's Falls, St. Cloud, Duluth, Fergus Falls, Worthington, Crookston, Benson, Tracy, Redwood Falls.

Mississippi-Jackson.

Nebraska-Norfolk,

Missouri-Boonville, Ironton, Springfield. Montana Territory-Helena, Bozeman, Miles City. Beatrice, Lincoln, Niobrara, Grand Island, North Platte, Bloomington, Neligh Nevada--Carson City, Eureka.

New Mexico Territory-Santa Fe, La Mesilla. Oregon-Oregon City, Roseburg, Le Grand, Lake View, The Dalles.

Utah Territory-Salt Lake City.

Washington Territory-Olympia, Vancouver, Walla Walla, Colfax, Yakima.

Wisconsin-Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La Crosse, Bayfield, Eau Claire.

Wyoming Territory-Cheyenne, Evanston.

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

Congress, by act of July 9, 1832, authorized the Presi dent to appoint a Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to have the direction and management of all matters arising out of Indian relations, subject to the Revision of the Secretary of War (now Secretary of the Interior).

The duties of the Bureau are administered by the Commissioner, Chief Clerk, and assistants at Washington, and by a number of superintendents, agents, farmers, schoolteachers, and other appointees in the Indian country.

The estimated number of Indians is about three hundred thousand, spreading from Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean. Those east of the Mississippi, with few exceptions, are on reservations; so also are the tribes in Kansas north of the Arkansas, and those located between the western border of Arkansas and the country known as the "leased lands.

PATENT OFFICE.

The Constitution, Art. 1, Sec. 8, confers upon Con. gress the power to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their writings and discoveries. The rights of the latter class are secured by letters patent issued from the Patent Office in accordance with acts of Congress. The office as now organized was established by act of July 4, 1836.

The building erected under the authority of that act it one of the most imposing in the city of Washington. Is extends over two entire blocks, and is usen for storing and preserving models, as well as for offices for the Commissioner, clerks, and examiners.

PATENT OFFICE LIBRARY.

The library of the Patent Office has vastly grown in importance within the last few years. It is not only aceded and used as an absolute necessity by the examiners in the performance of their duties, but it is now much consulted by inventors and those engaged in their interest. It is not an uncommon thing for persons to come from distant parts of the United States to consult books which can only be found in the Patent Office. The collection is now one of the best technical libraries in the world.

PAY OF OFFICERS, EMPLOYES, ETC., IN THE DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OF THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.

Assistant secretary, $3,500; chief clerk, $2,700; law clerk, $2,250; 6 chiefs of division, $2,000; 3 law clerks, $2,000; superintendent of documents, 1.900; stenographer, $1,800; captain of watch, $1,000; 5 government directors Union Pacific Railroad, honorary; director of geological survey, $6,000; superintendent of census, $5,000; chief clerk of census, $2,000.

Patent Office.-Commissioner of patents, $4,500; assistant commissioner of patents, $3,000; chief clerk of patents, $2,250; 3 chief examiners, $3,000; examiner of interferences, $2,500; examiner of trademarks, $2,400; 88 examiners of patents, from $1,400 to $2,400; finance clerk of patents, librarian of patents, $2,000; machinist of patents, $1,600; 3 draughtsmen of patents, $1 200; commissioner of land office, $4,000; chief clerk, recorder, law clerk, $2,000; 3 principal clerks, public lands, $1,800; draughtsman, land office, $1,600; assistant, $1,400; secretary, to sign land patents, $1,500.

Pension Office.-Commissioner of pensions, $4,000; deputy commissioner of pensions, $2,400; medical referee of pensions, $2,250; chief clerk of pensions, $2,00; audítor of railroad accounts $3,600: bookkeeper of railroad accounts, $2,400; assistant, $2,000; railroad engineer, $2,000.

Bureau of Indian Affairs.-Commissioner of Indian affairs, $3,600; chief clerk of Indian affairs, $2,000; stenographer, $1,600

Bureau of Education.-Commissioner of education, $3000; chief clerk of education, $1,800; statistician of education, $1,Soo; translator of education, $1,600.

Employes, etc., in General.-634 department clerks, from $900 to $1,800; messenger, $840; 10 attendants in model-room, $800; 76 laborers, from $480 to $660; 2 engineers, skilled workmen, $1,200; 2 assistant engineers, $1000; 6 firemen, 42 watchmen; 34 messengers, $720.

This department employs a consider ible force of temporary clerks, draughtsmen, etc.; also three Indian inspectors at $3,000, two special agents for Indian service at $3,000, three entomologists at $3,000, temporarily, and a considerable number of geologists and other skilled and un killed persons on the geological surveys, at varying rates of pay.