1798, which gave John Adams power to compel all foreigners to depart out of the territory of the United States, all such aliens as he should judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States. The sedition law inflicted a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding two years, for writing, publishing, and printing any false, scandalous, or malicious writing, or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of Congress of the United States, with or without intent to defame the said government or either house of said Congress, or the President, or to bring them, or either of them into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them, or either or any of them the hatred of the good people of the United States. The following will show the violent opposition of the Federalists to foreigners, especially towards Irishmen during the time the Federalists were in power, which is practised by their disciples, the Radicals at the present day. King, the Federal minister to England wrote home, thus:

"In Ireland, though for some months there will be partial and unimportant risings, the force of the insurrection is broken, and the danger nearly over. The chiefs have been without much character and without intellect." -Hamilton's Works vol. 6, pp. 308-9. "In Ireland the rebellion is suspended, and our government will, I hope, have the power and inclination to exclude those disaffected characters, who will be suffered to seek an asylum among us."-Hamilton's Works vol. 6, p. 315.

"You will see that I have prevented the sending to you of about fifty Irish State prisoners, who were at the head of the rebellion in Ireland, and closely connected with the Directory at Paris. Probably our patriots will think my conduct presumptive. In the present posture of affairs, I could have no hesitation!"-Hamilton's Works. I ask, in all sincerity, is it to be wondered that the Irish should vote the democratic ticket?

The above quotations from the works of Hamilton, should satisfy any reasonable man. The Irish are democrats in self-defence, as well as from principle!

We give further evidence of the intention of the Federalists to subvert the constitution and to establish on its ruins their model government the British Constitution. The following is from John Adams:

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That as to trusting to a popular assembly for the preservation of our liberties, it was the merest chimera imaginable; they never had any rule of decision, but their own will."-Jefferson's Works vol. 9, p. 190. Dexter, a Federalist, said:

"I suppose you would prefer an election by districts.' 'Yes,' "said Nicholas," I think it would be best, but would nevertheless agree to any other consistent with the constitution.' "Dexter said he did not know what might be the opinion of his state, but his own was, that no mode of election would answer any good purpose; that he should prefer one for life." Beware of a third term.-Jefferson's Works vol. 9, p. 196.

"The St. Andrew's Club of New York, (all Scotch tories) gave a public dinner lately. Among other guests, Alexander Hamilton was one. After dinner, the first toast was the President of the United States. It was drunk without any particular opposition. The next was, 'George the Third.' Hamilton started upon his feet, and insisted on a bumper and three cheers. The whole company accordingly rose and gave three cheers."--Jefferson's Works vol. 9, p. 197.

In consequence of those hateful and odious principles of the Federalists, as well as the enactment of the alien and sedition laws, and the tyranny and oppression of the Federalists in both Houses of Congress, the democra tic members in both Houses of Congress resigned, and went home, except

The

ing Thomas Jefferson, who remained in the senate, as Vice-President, and Gallatin in the House, (the speaker) Madison and other democrats, who left Congress, got elected to their State legislatures. As a check on the usurpation of the Federalists, the Democrats passed the celebrated Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798. They denounced the alien and sedition laws as unconstitutional, and as a violation of the rights of the States and the citizens of the States. Massachusetts, then at the head of the Federal party, through her legislature, pronounced, "the alien and sedition laws, not only constitutional, but expedient and necessary." That the constitution did not make the legislature the judges of the acts or measures of the general government. alien and sedition laws became so obnoxious to the people that the Federal party became odious and was defeated. This paved the way for the election of Thomas Jefferson, the father of democracy, as President of the United States. Such was the popular indignation of the American people towards the Federalists that Jefferson was succeeded by two patriotic democrats, Madison and Monroe. The Federalists became rebels and traitors to the Constitution, the Union, and liberty! They were the mere instruments of the English governnient. They would bear all manner of insults from the British government so long as they made money by English commerce. During Jefferson's administration Louisiana was purchased by treaty from France. Jefferson was an honest man and an extreme stickler for the Constitution.-Greeley's American Conflict, vol. 1, p. 84.

During the war of 1812, the Federal party aided England and threatened to secede from the Union and to divide the states. The New England clergy of the Federal school were violent supporters of England and the most hostile enemies of the administration and the Union. The Blue-light Federalists of New England not only opposed the war with England, but resisted the President in calling out the militia to resist a foreign and invading foe. The Federalists were the friends of England, and the Democrats the friends of France.-Greeley's American Conflict, vol. 1, p. 55. The Federalists of Connecticut passed the following resolution:

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Resolved, that the conduct of his excellency, the governor, in refusing to order the militia of this state, on the requisition of the secretary of war and Major-general Dearborn, must meet with the entire approbation of this assembly." President Madison informed Congress, in his message in 1812, that the governors of Massachusetts and Connecticut had refused to furnish their quota of militia. They not only opposed the United States government until the end of the war, but also refused the government the use of the jails to confine prisoners of war. "The city Council of Hartford determined to put what obstacles in the way of it (recruiting,) they legally might, enacted a local ordinance forbidding the marching and parading of troops, the beating of drums and displaying of flags, in fine, the opening of any recruiting station, except within ce:tain limits excluding the most populous parts of the towns." Hildreth's History of the United States vol. 3, page 46. On the 13th of Oct. 1814, the legislature of Massachusetts called for a convention of the New England states, alleging for a reason for this treasonable design against the government, at a moment when the country was at war with the most formidable enemy in the world, that "the constitution of the United States, under the administration of those now in power, had failed to secure to Massachusetts and New England generally, those equal rights and benefits, the great object of its promotion, and which could not be relinquished without ruin." This shows that the supposed grievances of the New England Federalists were that they did not get hold of the power and patronage of the Federal government, the almighty dollar! The legislature of Connecticut

denounced the President's war measures, as unconstitutional, intolerable; barbarous, and oppressive. The infamous, odious, and treasonable Hartford convention proposed the following amendments to the constitution:

1st. "To provide that slaves should not be counted as a basis of representation; but that free negroes should be counted."

2d. "That no state should be admitted into the Union without the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses of Congress."

3d. "That Congress should not have power to lay any embargo on the ships of citizens, for more than sixty days."

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4th. That Congress should not have power to prohibit intercourse between the United States and any foreign nation."

5th. "Requiring a two-third vote of Congress to declare war, except for defence, in case of actual invasion."

6th. "That no foreigner thereafter naturalized should hold any civil office under the United States."

7th. "That the same person should not be elected President a second time or two successive Presidents be taken from the same state."

The following resolution was also passed: "The power of compelling the militia and other citizens of the United States, by forcible draft or conscription, to serve in the regular armies as proposed in the late official letter from the secretary of war, is not delegated to Congress by the constitution, and the exercise of it could be not less dangerous to the liberties than hostile to the sovereignty of the states."

A town meeting of the citizens of Boston assembled to oppose the enforcement of the embargo acts, and passed the following resolution:

"Resolved-Not voluntary to assist in carrying into execution the embargo act; and that all who should do so ought to be considered as enemies of the State of Massachusetts, and hostile to the liberties of the people."

This nullification ordinance was vetoed by the democratic Governor of Massachusetts. Thus: nullification, treason, meditated secession, final separation and the dissolution of the Union were fostered in New England! New England Federalists proclaimed the doctrine of secession during the war of 1812. Greeley says that Josiah Quincy was the first secessionist—that he made a secession speech at Boston, 1811.-Greeley's Am. Conf. vol. 1. p. 86.

John Quincy Adams, twenty years afterward said in writing:

This object was, and had been for several years, a dissolution of the Union. He knew (he said) from incontrovertible evidence, though not provable in a court of law, that in the case of civil war the aid of Great Britain to effect the purpose would be as surely resorted to, as it would be indispensably necessary to the design. That if force should be resorted to by the government to quell that resistance (the resistance organizing in Massachusetts) it would produce a civil war, and in that event he had no doubt that the leader of the party would receive the co-operation of Great Britain."

Massachusetts, in 1809, resolved, that "on such occasions, passive obedience," (to the laws of Congress) "would on the part of the people, be a breach of their allegiance, and, on our part, treachery and perjury."

The following is an address of the Federalists on this occasion: "Choose, then, fellow citizens, between the condition of citizens of free states, possessing its equal weight and influence in the national government or that of a colony, free in name but, in fact, enslaved by sister states," The legislature of Massachusetts further resolved, that the war originated and was to be ascribed to the influence of worthless foreigners over the press and the cabinet, and Congress."-"Such was the true reason of the

war. The freedom of commerce and the rights of seamen, was a pretence." Massachusetts, not satisfied with resisting the lawful requisition of the President for troops; nullifying the laws of Congress; bidding defiance to the government, by armed resistance; the raising of state funds and troops to intimidate the government; claiming it as a matter of conscience to oppose the government of the United States, passed a law denying the use of her prisons to the Federal government to confine British prisoners of war, or deserters from the American army, and to compel, by law, jailers to discharge all British officers, as prisoners of war, held by the United States authority in custody! And all of this diabolical treason was preached by the higher law clergy' and politicians of New England, who held that re sistance to the general government was loyalty to God.

"The victory of New Orleans, and the peace of Ghent, broke the power of the Federal party, and brought both the name and party into odium, which compelled them to change their party name. They claimed that the action of the convention was justifiable." Jefferson, in a letter to General La Fayette, Feb. 14, 1815, speaks of the Hartford convention:

"Their fear of Republican France being now done away, they are directing to Republican America, and they are playing the same game for disorganization here which they played in your country. The Murats, the Dantons, and the Robespierres of Massachusetts are in the same pay, under the same orders and making the same efforts to anarchize us, that their prototypes in France did there."

In a letter to General Dearborn, March, 17, 1815, Jefferson said:

"Oh, Massachusetts! how I have lamented the degradation of your apostasy! Massachusetts, with whom I went with pride, in 1776, whose vote was my vote on every public question, and whose principles were then the standard of whatever was free and fearless. But then she was under the control of the two Adams, while Strong, her present leader, was promoting petitions for submission to British usurpation."

The Federalists and Whigs during the administrations of Monroe and John Quincy Adams, divided the country between the advocates of a strict and literal interpretation of the constitution and the strict adherence to fundamental principles and state rights on the one hand; and those who advocated the creation of local monopolies by Congress; the investing of Congress with supreme powers; the creation of a national bank; the improvements of rivers and harbors by the Federal government, and a high protective tariff. The democrats advocated the former, and the Federalists and Whigs the latter.

CHAPTER X.

In the Congress of 1820-21, the country was alarmed on the slavery ques tion in Congress, which ended in what is called the Missouri compromise, prohibiting slavery north of 36 deg. 30 min. "During the Missouri struggle both Jefferson and Madison gave their influence with the south." Yet Greeley, at page 39-40 of his American Conflict, claims Jefferson as Antislavery. How conflicting? But Greeley's logic was not of the best.-Greeley's American Conflict vol. 1, p. 75.

During the sessions of 1820-24, commenced the debates on the tariff, which led to South Carolina nullification. - which threatened the Union, in 1832. The first tariff act was passed in 1789, for the sole

purpose of raising a revenue for the support of the government; so as not to resort to a direct tax-it was not intended as a protection to manufactures, but simply as an incident to revenue. Clay was the great champion of the tariff, in 1824. He was opposed by Webster, who said in his great speech: "Society is full of excitement. Competition comes in place of monopoly, and intelligence and industry ask only for fair play and an open field." But, when New England became a manufacturing country, Webster changed his mind, and became an advocate for a high tariff.-Greeley's Am. Confl., vol. 1, pp. 90–91. John Quincy Adams, in his inaugural, recommended internal improvements by the Federal government and a high protective tariff. This was the dividing line between Adams and the Democrats, for the Democrats held that the Constitution did not give the Federal government power to spend money for internal improvements the improvement of rivers and harbors. That a tariff for any other object than as an incident to its revenue was unauthorized by the Constitution. In 1828, Adams recommended a high protective tariff which was opposed by the Democrats, as unconstitutional, sectional, and unjust, and as being oppressive to the rights and interest of the agricultural portion of the country. This protective tariff scheme originated with the Federalists, in 1816. For after their defeat on the odious Alien and sedition laws, as well as their defeat after the Hartford Convention, they attempted to make a high protective tariff a ladder to climb into power.-Hence protection to manufactures became the main plank in the Whig platforms. But the Morrill tariff bill, in 1861, capped the climax, and SO offended European powers, who, in consequence, threatened to recognize the Southern Confederacy. Jackson assailed the United States bank - declared it unconstitutional, and opposed its re-chartering. The friends and advocates of monopoly, with Clay at their head, in Congress and in the state legislatures, assailed the President both from the rostrum, the stump, and through the press. The session of Congress of 1831-32, is famous in our political history for the great party conflict for the rechartering of the United States banks. The first charter was obtained by Hamilton, in 1791. The second charter was granted in 1816. The charter of 1816 was opposed by President Madison, who said: "That the genius of the British Monarchy favored the concentration of wealth and power; in America, the genius of the government required the diffusion of wealth and power." The act for the rechartering of the bank passed both Houses of Congress, for the friends of the bank had a majority in the Congress of 1832, but was vetoed by the President. appearance of the veto Message, the President was denounced by labored speeches, by Webster Clay and other friends of the bank, among whom were many apostate democrats (the Stantons and Butlers of the time,) who voted for the bank for a consideration.

On the

Thus Jackson had to fight the Whigs and the combined moneyed power of the country together with the hired press! The bank and the moneyed power of the country brought on a financial crisis, which crippled all branches of industry, for the sole purpose of having something to charge the President with-for they claimed that the President's veto caused the "hard times." Distress meetings were held all over the country to defeat Jackson's re-election! But though the bank and other monopolies expended large sums of money in the Presidential Campaign, Jackson was triumphantly elected over Clay. A bill was passed, which provided for the removal of the deposits from the United States bank, and for depositing them in local banks. The friends of the bank concentrated their power by contracting credit-deranging the currency, to ruin merchants and farmers