no complaint by him against the mortgagees, and yet their claim was his great present trouble. He having assigned to them the debts due to him from Pennsylvanians and his quit rents, the mortgagees appointed Logan and Norris to collect the same, and, by letter of attorney of Nov. 11, 1711, authorized Shippen, Carpenter, Hill, Norris and Logan, or any three of them, to sell and convey land. A speedy execution of this power would be sacrificing large tracts or the best locations, and would intensify the problem which loomed before this man, who had spent money freely, of endowing his children with sufficient estates. The debt might be cleared off, and the land kept for development, by the Crown paying a sum for the rights of government. His heart, however, was not in that solution of his difficulties: besides the personal disappointment involved, it would be a betrayal, unless he could insure, as would be difficult, immunities for the Quaker inhabitants. If he could withdraw from the bargain, if his friends residing in Pennsylvania, as he was now suggesting, would take over the mortgage, and so allow the continuance of his government, the political prospects of his family and his colony were not bright. The uncompromising attitude of his strict co-religionists, at least those generally in the Assembly, was fast making a Quaker commonwealth an impossibility in the eyes of the world. As to his own influence at Court, there would happen some day-quite near, as it turned out the death of Queen Anne, which would mean the accession of a dynasty which had no feeling of personal friendship for him. Particularly serious for the carrying on of the government would be his own death: his eldest son, the natural successor in the Governorship, and, in fact, the only son who was grown up, had excited the animadversion of the Quakers, had been a source of grief to him, and at this time could be pronounced a failure. More to be thought of than the financial or political

future, more harasssing to Penn than the debt to the mortgagees, was the present support of those dependent upon him. He had been overworked, and his illness at different times is reported. Logan, during his stay in England, noticed that age and the great strain had affected Penn, that there was a diminution of "the usual strength and brightness of his great genius." Logan wrote this to the mortgagees on 10, 19, 1711, as he was off Spitthead, waiting to sail back to America, and urged that Penn be induced to settle the fate of Pennsylvania in his lifetime, and, too, while his friend Harley was in power, securing for himself a good sum of money, and for the Quakers of Pennsylvania certain rights. These rights were to be liberty of conscience in the matter of worship, an exemption from oaths, and from the maintenance of priests, and from bearing arms, and, moreover, not so much for the value of the privilege, as because they were the most substantial part of the population, the right to serve on juries, and to hold legislative and judicial office.

William Penn was probably hurried by a demand made upon him by the Crown for the moiety reserved in the deed of Aug. 24, 1682, of the rents of the lands below the twelve miles circle around New Castle (see page 35). In a report somewhat later of William Blathwayt to the Lord High Treasurer, this moiety is said to have been computed at £6200. Penn treating for a surrender, further prosecution was laid aside.

The Attorney-General drafted an instrument of surrender and an instrument whereby the Queen accepted the surrender, and Penn supplicated that she declare in express terms that she took the people of his religious persuasion, as well as the other inhabitants, under her protection. These drafts were sent on Feb. 25, 1711-12, to the Lord Treasurer, Robert Harley, who had been created Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer.

Penn in London, being taken ill, made a will on April

6, 1712, devising the powers of government to the aforesaid nobleman and another nobleman, who was Lord Steward of the Household, in trust to sell to the Queen or any one else. Of the provisions of the will, this alone need be mentioned here. Penn, speaking of his illness as a fever, confirmed this will on May 27, after he got back to his home at Ruscombe, Berkshire. On July 17, the Lord Treasurer, declining to pay £20,000, agreed to move the Queen to accept the surrender of the government, and to allow Penn £12,000, to be paid in four years from the date of the deed of surrender, and the Queen's share of two ships seized at New Castle to be accepted in part payment. Penn acquiesced in the terms, and the Queen agreed. On a warrant signed Sep. 6, 1712, £1000 of the consideration was paid from the Treasury to Penn.

Before the necessary instrument of surrender could be ready, Penn was disabled by an apoplectic attack, and when, after recovery, he was arranging to have the matter carried through, he, in January, 1712-13, had the stroke that rendered him permanently incompetent, although he lived for five and a half years more. During part of that time, he attended Friends' meetings, and even more than once attempted to speak in them, but was mentally incapable of sustained effort. His signature was on special occasions secured to papers connected with the government of Pennsylvania, but the direction of his business was in the hands of his wife and the mortgagees.

On April 21, 1714, the Queen ordered the perfecting of the agreement for the transfer of the government, and that the Lord Treasurer take steps to have this accomplished by an act of Parliament: but there was not sufficient time before her dismissal of the Earl of Oxford from his office, followed in a few days by her death.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE GERMANS.

Language of the residents of Pennsylvania before 1709-Want of religious bond in national elements of population-Lutheranism in the German Empire-Pietism-The Reformed denomination-The first German settlers at Germantown become Quakers-Protest against negro slaveryPastorius-The Wissahickon community-Falkner's Swamp and vicinity-Rev. Gerhard Henkel -Reformed Dutch from New York join the Presbyterians -Settlers at Oley Antipædobaptists and Anabaptists-The Mennonites-First paper mill-First organized Mennonite congregationHouses of worship at Germantown and Skippack -The Swiss the first to make a foreign districtSwiss Mennonites from the Palatinate are the first settlers in Lancaster County-Additions to their number-Rev. Samuel Guilden-The AmishThe exodus of Palatinates to England-Various Germans and Swiss come to PennsylvaniaBaumanites, or "New Born,"-The immigration becomes large-The Dunkards-Beissel, the German Seventh Day Baptists, and the Ephrata Community-The "Monastery" on the WissahickonPalatinates in New York invited to Pennsylvania by Keith-They settle on the Tulpehocken-Not Mennonites The Dutch Reformed become independent of the Presbyterians-Increase in Palatinate immigration-A German Reformed congregation-Further history of the Reformed-The German Lutherans-The "Pennsylvania Dutch" language Jews and small sects-Dr. de Benneville.

It was in the early years of Gookin's administration that there began that Teutonic immigration to the frontiers of Pennsylvania which threatened at one time to make Penn's colony alien from his countrymen, and which has made the nationality of the population of large regions distinct. At the date of Evans's removal from the Lieutenant-Governorship, the white inhabitants of what was properly called the "Province" were of English blood, or practically had become Englishmen, or were in the process of being Anglicized.

The keeping separate of the nations which were introduced into Pennsylvania, and there put under a common government, depended upon language and religion and the number of intermarriages. Where the circle of persons of common race and religion was not too small, the young members, and older ones who had lost their life partners, were likely to mate within it, and seldom did a marriage allying the circles happen until a third generation had grown up. In the matter of language, on the contrary, there was by 1709 unity among the children of those who had come to the shores of the Delaware. As almost always the minority must learn to talk to the majority of an intermingled population, so, until the Germans came into almost exclusive possession of a large portion of the Province, and then except in that portion, it was not practicable for men dwelling in the civilized part of Pennsylvania to refuse to speak English. To be sure, with the earlier Germans, who settled in the midst of people from the British Isles, while the active and rising generations were perforce learning English, the mother tongue long continued to be the language of the fireside, the pulpit, and the bookshelf, except that on the bookshelf Latin and Netherlandish might be found. From before the year 1700, devotional and controversial books in German were printed in Pennsylvania.

Races are very frequently kept distinct by peculiar