*[Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.] The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

Loughborough v. Blake, 5 Wheat., 317; Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 8 Wall., 533; Scholey v. Rew 23 Wall., 331. "When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

"The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

SECTION 3. 'The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

"Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

'No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

"The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

"The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

"The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

SECTION. 4. 'The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

"The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

SECTION. 5. 'Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized

The clause included in brackets is amended by the 14th amendment, 2d section.

to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

"Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Anderson v. Dunn, 6 Wh., 204.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the Journal.

'Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

SECTION. 6. 'The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

Coxe v. M'Clenachan, 3 Dall., 478; U. S. v. Cooper, 4 Dall., 341.

"No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

SECTION. 7. 'All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

"Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Matthews v. Zane, 7 Wheat., 164; Gardner v. Collector, 6 Wall., 499.

"Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

SECTION. 8. 'The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

Hylton v. United States, 3 Dall., 171; McCollock v. Maryland, 4 Wh., 316; Longboro' v. Blake, 5 Wh., 317; Osborn v. United States Bank, 9 Wh., 738; Weston v. Charlestown, 2 Pet., 449, Dobbins v. Erie County, 16 Pet., 435; License Cases, 5 How., 504; Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How., 299; McGuire v. The Commonwealth, 3 Wall., 387; Van Allen v. The Assessors, 3 Wall., 573; Bradley v. The People, 4 Wall., 459. License Tax Cases, 5 Wall., 462; Pencar v. The Commonwealth, 5 Wall., 475; Woodruff v. Parham, 8 Wall., 123; Hinson v. Lott, 8 Wall, 148; Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 8 Wall., 533; The Collector v. Day, 11 Wall., 113; United States v. Singer, 15 Wall., 111; State Tax, etc., 15 Wall., 300; United States v. Railroad Company, 17 Wall., 322; Railroad Company v. Peniston, 18 Wall., 5; Scholey v. Rew, 23 Wall., 331.

"To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

Mc Culloch v. Maryland, 4 Wh., 316; Weston v. Charlestown, 2 Pet., 449; Bank of Commerce v. New
York City, 2 Black, 620; Bank Tax Cases, 2 Wall., 200; The Banks v. The Mayor, 7 Wall., 16; Bank v.
Supervisors, 7 Wall., 26; Hepburn v. Griswold, 8 Wall., 603; National Bank v. Commonwealth, 9 Wall.,
353; Parker v. Davis, 12 Wall, 457.

"To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wh., 1; Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wh., 419; Wilson v. Black Bird, etc., 2 Pet, 2453 Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Pet., 515; New York v. Miln, 11 Pet., 102; United States v. Coombs, 12 Pet., 72; Holmes v. Jennison, 14 Pet., 504; License Cases, 5 How., 504; Passenger Cases, 7 How., 283; Nathan v. Louisiana, 8 How., 73; Mager v. Grima, 8 How., 490; United States v. Marigold, 9 How., 560; Cowley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How., 299; Genesee Chief v. Fitzhugh, 12 How., 443; Pennsylvania v. Wheeling Bridge Co., 13 How., 518; Veazie v. Moor, 14 How., 568; Smith v. Maryland, 18 How., 71; Pennsylvania v. Wheeling Bridge Co., 18 How., 421; Sinnitt v. Davenport, 22 How., 227; Foster v. Davenport, 22 How., 244; Conway v. Taylor, 1 Black, 603; United States v. Holliday, 3 Wall., 407; Gilman v. Philadelphia, 3 Wall., 713; Passaic Bridges, 3 Wall., 782; Steamship Company v. Port Wardens, 6 Wall., 31; Crandall v. Nevada, 6 Wall., 35; White's Bank v. Smith, 7 Wall., 646; Waring v. The Mayor, 8 Wall., 110; Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall., 168; Thomson v. Pacific Railroad, 9 Wall., 579; Downham v. Alexandria Council, 10 Wall., 173; Clinton Bridge, 10 Wall., 454; The Daniel Ball, 10 Wall, 557; Liverpool Ins. Co. v. Mass., 10 Wall., 566; The Montello, 11 Wall., 411: Ex parte McNeil, 13 Wall., 236; State freight-tax, 15 Wall, 232; State tax on receipts, 15 Wall., 284; Osborn v. Mobile, 16 Wall., 479; Railroad Co. v. Fuller, 17 Wall., 560; Bartemeyer v. Iowa, 18 Wall., 129; Delaware railroad tax, 18 Wall., 206; Peete v. Morgan, 19 Wall., 581; Railroad Co. v. Richmond, 19 Wall., 584; Railroad Co. v. Maryland, 21 Wall., 456; The Lottawanna, 21 Wall., 558; Henderson v. The Mayor of New York, 92 U. S., 259; Chy Lung v. Freeman, 92 U. S., 275; South Caro lina v. Georgia, 93 U. S., 4; Sherlock v. Alling, 93 U. S., 99; United States v. Forty-three Gallons, etc., 93 U. S., 188; Foster v. Master and Wardens, 94 U. S., 246; Pound v. Turck, 95 U. S., 459; Railroad Co. v. Husen, 95 U. S., 465; Hall v. De Cuir, 95 U. S., 495; Pensacola Tel. Co. v. W. Ú. Tel. Co., 96 U. S., 1; Raguet v. Wade, 4 Ohio, 107; Bradley v. North. Tr. Co., 15 O. S., 553; Perry v. Torrence, 8 O., 521; West. U. Tel. Co. v. Mayer, 28 O. S., 521.

'To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,' and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;2

2Sturgis v. Crowning shield, 4 Wh., 122; 2McMillan v. McNeil, 4 Wh., 209; 2Farmers and Mechanics' Bank, Pennsylvania, v. Smith, 6 Wh., 131; 20gden v. Saunders, 12 Wh., 213; 2Boyle v. Zacharie, 6 Pet., 348; Gassies v. Ballon, 6 Pet., 761; 2Beers v. Haughton, 9 Pet., 329; 2Suydam v. Broadnax, 14 Pet., 67; Cook v. Moffat, 5 How., 295; 1Dred Scott v. Sanford, 19 How., 393; 2United States v. Fox, 95 C. S., 670; Keen v. Mould, 16 O., 12.

"To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

Briscoe v. Bank of Com., 11 Pet., 257; Fox v. The State, 5 How., 410; United States v. Marigold, 9 How., 560. "To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; Fox v. The State, 5 How., 410; United States v. Marigold, 9 How., 560.

"To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

Pennsylvania v. The Wheeling Bridge Co., 18 How., 421; Ex parte Jackson, 96 U. S., 727; Ohio v. Neil, 7 O., 132.

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

Grant v. Raymond, 6 Pet., 218; Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet., 591; Jordan v. Dayton, 4 O., 294.

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

10To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

United States v. Palmer, 3 Wh., 610; United States v. Wiltberger, 5 Wh., 76; United States v. Smith, 5 Wh., 153; United States v. Pirates, 5 Wh., 184.

"To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

Brown v. United States, 8 Cr., 110; American Ins. Co. v. Canter (356 bales cotton), 1 Pet., 511; Alexander's cotton, 2 Wall., 404; Miller v. United States, 11 Wall., 268; Tyler v. Defrees, 11 Wall., 331; Stewart v. Kahn, 11 Wall., 493; Hamilton v. Dillon, 21 Wall, 73; Laman v. Browne, 92 U. S, 187.

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall

be for a longer Term than two Years;

13To provide and maintain a Navy;

Crandall v. Nevada, 6 Wall., 35.

United States v. Bevans, 3 Wh., 336; Dynes v. Hooper, 20 How., 65. "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; 15To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

Houston v. Moore, 5 Wh., 1; Martin v. Mott, 12 Wh., 19; Luther v. Borden, 7 How., 1; Crandall v.
Nevada, 6 Wall., 35; Texas v. White, 7 Wall., 700.

16To provide for organizing, arming, and diciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

Houston v. Moore, 5 Wh., 1; Martin v. Mott, 12 Wh., 19; Luther v. Borden, 7 How., 1.

"To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;-And

Hepburn v. Ellzey, 2 Cr., 444; Loughboro' v. Blake, 5 Wh., 317; Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wh., 264; American Ins. Co. v. Canter (356 bales cotton), 1 Pet., 511: Kendall v. United States, 12 Pet., 524: United States v. Dewitt, 9 Wall., 41; Dunphy v. Kleinsmith, 11 Wall., 610; Willard v. Presbury, 14 Wall., 676; Phillips v. Payne, 92 U. S., 130; United States v. Fox, 94 U. S., 315; Sinks v. Reese, 19 O. S., 306.

18To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wh., 316; Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wh., 1; Bank of United States v. Halstead, 10 Wh., 51; Hepburn v. Griswold, 8 Wall., 603; National Bank v. Commonwealth, 9 Wall., 353; Thomson v. Pacific Railroad, 9 Wall, 579; Parker v. Davis, 12 Wall., 457; Railroad Company v. Johnson, 15 Wall., 195; Railroad Company v. Peniston, 18 Wall., 5.

SECTION. 9. 'The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 19 How., 393. "The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

United States v. Hamilton, 3 Dall., 17; Hepburn v. Ellzey, 2 Cr., 445; Ex parte Bollman, 4 Cr., 75; Ex parte Kearney, 7 Wh., 38; Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet., 192; Ex parte Milburn, 9 Pet., 704; Holmes v. Jennison, 14 Pet., 540; Ex parte Dorr, 3 How., 103; Luther v. Borden, 7 How., 1; Ableman v. Booth, 21 How., 506; Ex parte Vallandigham, 1 Wall., 243; Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall., 2; Ex parte McCardle, 7 Wall, 506: Ex parte Verger, 8 Wall., 85; Tarble's Case, 13 Wall., 397; Ex parte Lange, 18 Wall., 163; Ex parte Parks, 93 U. S., 18; Ex parte Karstendick, 93 U. S., 396.

No Bill of Attainder or expost facto Law shall be passed.

Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cr., 87; Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wh., 213; Watson v. Mercer, 8 Pet., 88; Carpenter v. Pennsylvania, 17 How., 456; Locke v. New Orleans, 4 Wall., 172; Cummings v. Missouri, 4 Wall., 277; Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall., 333; Drehman v. Stifle, 8 Wall., 595; Klinger v. Missouri, 13 Wall., 257; Pierce v. Carskadon, 16 Wall., 234; United States v. Fox, 95 U. Š., 670; Barton v. Morris, 15 O., 408; Johnson v. Bentley, Lewis v. McElvain, Chestnut v. Shane, 16 O., 97, 347, 599.

'No Capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

License Tax Cases, 5 Wall., 462.

"No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How., 299; Page v. Burgess, 92 U. S., 372.

"No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How., 299; Pennsylvania v. Wheeling Bridge Co., 18 How., 421; Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S., 113.

"No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

SECTION. 10. 'No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit;' make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attain

3

der, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

Calder v. Bull 3 Dall., 386; Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cr., 87; New Jersey v. Wilson, 7 Cr., 164; 3Sturgis v. Crowningshield, 4 Wh., 122; McMillan v. McNeil, 4 Wh., 209; Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wh., 518; 3Owings v. Speed, 5 Wh., 420; Farmers' and M. Bank v. Smith, 6 Wh., 131; 3Green v. Biddle, 8 Wh, 1: Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wh., 213; Mason v. Haile, 12 Wh., 370: Satterlee v. Matthewson, 2 Pet., 380; Hart v. Lamphire, 3 Pet., 280; 1Craig v. Missouri, 4 Pet., 410; Providence Bank v. Billings, 4 Pet., 514; Byrne v. Missouri, 8 Pet., 40; Watson v. Mercer, 8 Pet., 88; Mumma v. Potomac Company, 8 Pet., 281; Beers v. Haughton, 9 Pet., 329; Briscoe v. Bank of Com., 11 Pet., 257; 3Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pct., 420; Armstrong v. The Treasurer, 16 Pet., 281; Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 How, 311; McCracken v. Hayward, 2 How., 608; 3Gordon v. Appeal Tax Court, 3 How., 133; Maryland v. Baltimore and Ohio R. R. Co., 3 How., 534: Neil v. Ohio, 3 How., 720; Cook v. Moffatt, 5 How., 295; Planters' Bank v. Sharp, 6 How., 301; West River Bridge Co. v. Dix, 6 How., 507; Crawford v. Bank of Mobile, 7 How 279; 3 Woodruff v. Trapnall, 10 How., 190; Paupv. Drew, 10 How., 218: Baltimore and Susquehanna R. Co. v. Nesbitt, 10 How, 395; Butler v. Pennsylvania, 10 How., 402; Darington v. Bank of Alabama, 13 How, 12; Richmond, &c., R. Co., v. Louise R. Co., 13 How., 71; 3Vincennes University v. Indiana, 14 How., 268; Curran v. Arkansas, 15 How., 304; 3State Bank v. Knoop, 16 How., 369; "Carpenter v. Pennsylvania, 17 How., 456; Dodge v. Woolsey, 18 How., 331; Beers v. Árkansas, 20 How., 527; Aspinwall v. County of Daviess, 22 How., 364; 3Christ Church v. Philadelphia, 24 How., 300; Howard v. Bugbee, 24 How., 461; Jefferson Branch Bank v. Skelley, 1 Black, 436; 3Franklin Branch Bank v. Ohio, 1 Black, 474; Wabash and Erie Canal Co. v. Beers, 2 Black, 448; 3Gilman v. Sheboygan, 2 Black, 510; Bridge Proprietors v. Hoboken Company, 1 Wall, 116; Hawthorne v. Calef, 2 Wall., 10; 3 The Binghamton Bridge, 3 Wall., 51; 3Turnpike Company v. The State, 3 Wall., 210; Locke v. New Orleans, 4 Wall., 172; Railroad Company v. Rock, 4 Wall., 177; 3Cummings v. Missouri, 4 Wall., 277; 2E.x parte Garland, 4 Wall, 333; Von Hoffman v. Quincy, 4 Wall., 535; 3Mulligan v. Corbin, 7 Wall., 487; Furman v. Nichol, 8 Wall., 44 Home of the Friendless v. Rouse, 8 Wall, 430; Washington University v. Rouse, 8 Wall., 439; Butz v. Muscatine, 8 Wall., 575; Drehman v Stifle, 8 Wall., 595; Hepburn v. Griswold, 8 Wall., 603; 2Gut v. The State, 9 Wall., 35: Railroad Company v. McClure, 10 Wall., 51; 3Parker v. Davis, 12 Wall., 457; Curtis v. Whiting, 13 Wall., 68; 3Pennsylvania College Cases, 13 Wall., 190; Wilmington R. R. v. Reid, 13 Wall., 264; 3Salt Company v. East Saginaw, 13 Wall, 373; White v. Hart, 13 Wall., 646; Osborn v. Nicholson, 13 Wall., 654; Railroad Company v. Johnson, 15 Wall., 195; 3Tax on Bonds, 15 Wall., 300; Tomlinson v. Jessup, 15 Wall., 454; Tomlinson v. Branch, 15 Wall., 460; 3Miller v. The State, 15 Wall., 478: Holyoke Company v. Lyman, 15 Wall, 500; Gunn v. Barry, 15 Wall., 610; Humphrey v. Pegues, 16 Wall., 244; Walker v. Whitehead, 16 Wall., 314: Sohn v. Waterson, 17 Wall., 596; 3Barings v. Dabney, 19 Wall., 1; Head v. The University, 19 Wall, 526; Pacific R. Co. v. Maguin, 20 Wall., 36; 3Garrison v. New York, 21 Wall., 196; 3Ochiltree v. Railroad Company, 21 Wall., 249; Wilmington, &c., Railroad v. King, 91 U. S., 3; 3County of Moultrie v. Rockingham, etc., Bank, 92 Ú. S., 631; Home Insurance ComU. S., 595: New Jersey v. Yard,

pany v. Augusta, 93 U. S., 116; 31est Wisconsin R. Co. v. Supervisors, 93 319; Terry v. Anderson, 95

Tennessee v. Sneed, 96
Railroad Co. v. Rich-

95 Ú. S., 104: 3Railroad Co. v. Hecht, 95 U. S., 168 ; aShields v. Ohio, 95 U.S., 628; Farrington v. Tennessee, 95 U. S., 679: Blount v. Windley, 95 U.S., 173; U. S., 69; Williams v. Bruffy, 96 Ư. Š., 176; Murray v. Charleston, 96 U. S., 432; mond, 96 U. S., 521; 3Edwards v. Kearzey, 96 U. S., 595; " Treaty, Alliance," &c., Williams v. Bruffy, sup. 'No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

McCulloch v Maryland, 4 Wh., 316; Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wh., 1; Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wh., 419; Mager v. Grima, 8 How., 490: Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How., 299; Almy v. California, 24 How., 169; License Tax Cases, 5 Wall., 462; Crandall v. Nevada, 6 Wall., 35; Waring v. The Mayor, 8 Wall., 110; Woodruff v. Perham, 8 Wall, 123; Hinson v. Lett. 8 Wall., 148; State Tonnage Tax Cases, 12 Wall., 204; State Tax on receipts, 15 Wall., 284; Inman Steamship Company v. Tinker, 94 U. S., 238; Raguet v. Wade, 4 Ohio, 107.

"No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Green v. Biddle, 8 Wh., 1; Poole v. Fleeger, 11 Pet., 185; Cooley v. Peard of Wardens, 12 How., 299; Peete v. Morgan, 19 Wall., 581; Cannon v. New Orleans, 20 Wall., 577; Inman Steamship Co. v. Tinker, 94 U. S., 238; Packet Co. v. Keokuk, 95 U. S., 80.

ARTICLE II.

SECTION. 1. 'The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows

"Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall., 419; Leitensdorfer v. Webb, 20 How., 176. ["The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Cer