When the sign + precedes the symbol, it means that the succeeding sweep begins at a pitch distinctly higher than the terminal pitch of the group preceding.

Where one sweep symbol follows another without a + or - sign, the following movement is to join the preceding without a break in pitch, so that the two form, practically, a continuous melody. The current of speech may be interrupted by pause, whenever necessary, without breaking the continuity of the melody. Grouping is one thing, and intonation another; but they are partners, friends, not enemies.

Here lie I down, and mea-sure out my grave. Is there a

Here lie I down, and measure out my grave.

Here lie I down, and measure out my grave.

In passages of climax, whether verbally expressed in a single phrase or clause, or in a series, the most obvious and

usual mode of vocal rendition is the employment of a rising trend of melody until the climax word, phrase, or clause is reached, from the beginning of which the voice sweeps downward. The rising melody is usually accompanied by crescendo force and volume, which culminate on the climax word or member.

If the climax culminates in a single word, closing a group: The radical of its accent, if a falling slide, is struck distinctly higher than the vanish of the last preceding syllable; and if the culminating inflection is a falling wave, its concrete begins at the level of the preceding vanish, and rises distinctly higher, before the falling constituent begins. Unless this principle is observed, the listener's ear is disappointed; an expectation has been aroused by the rising melody and crescendo, of which the climax word should be vocally the crown and summit, in pitch, volume, and force. To lead up to that word vividly and then to utter it at lower pitch and with reduced force, indicates either lack of ear or uncertainty of purpose. This weak-ending climax frequently mars the delivery of otherwise judicious and pleasing speakers and readers.

In the case of a series of phrases or clauses, the melody rises, with increasing force and volume, until the culminating phrase or clause is reached, upon which the melody sweeps downward. Whether the melodies of the climax member of the series and the preceding member shall join smoothly or with a transition to a higher pitch, depends upon the rhetorical or dramatic construction and the discretion and taste of the speaker.

While, in general, the scheme of melody and force here presented, is appropriate to climax constructions, it must be understood that special cases require special treatment, to make them effective. Strive, always, to bring out the meaning, all the meaning, in the most telling and convincing

way, whatever that way may be; but be sure that you know why and how you do it.

I will ascend above the heights of the clouds! They would have

I will ascend above the heights of the clouds!

I will ascend above the heights of the clouds! They would have thought, who heard the strain, they

saw, in Tempe's vale, her native maids, amid the festal

sounding shades, to some unwearied minstrel dancing!

/They would have thought, who heard the strain,
/They saw, in Tempe's vale, her native maids,
/Amid the festal-sounding shades,

/To some unwearied +^\minstrel dancing!

In construing the notation last given, the characters, / / / / \, join end to end; so that the rise is practically

continuous through the four groups marked; and the +\ group the climax member-strikes its opening accent above the terminal vanish of the rise. 'Minstrel' and 'dancing' are itemized in emphasis, by making their falling sweeps overlap.

IV. THE FALLING-WAVE SWEEP. SYMBOL: O, OR, A. When the group begins with an unaccented syllable or syllables or a word of inferior emphasis, immediately followed by the principal emphatic word, the first constituent of the melodic wave is largely made up of the discrete movement necessary to set the principal word in due relief. The crest of the expressive contour is defined by the accent of that word.

How charm-ing! How ex-qui-site! Is n't it beau-ti-ful!

Curse on him! will not the villain drown?

VCurse on him! +Vwill not the villain drown?

VI. THE DOUBLE-WAVE-RISING SWEEP: THE REFERENTIAL SWEEP. SYMBOL: ~.

1.

Parenthetic Reference.

Here,

if your Hon-or please, we rest our case.

2.

Wistfulness.

3. Oblique Reference.

Oh, that this love-ly vale were mine! He fell down in the

market-place, and foamed at mouth, and was speechless.

Here, if your Honor please, we rest our case.

Here,

if your Honor please, I we rest our case.

Oh, that this lovely vale were mine!

Oh, that this lovely vale were mine!

He fell down in the market-place, and foamed at

mouth, and was speechless.

He fell down in the market-place, and foamed at mouth, and was speechless.

VII. THE Double-Wave-Falling SWEEP. SYMBOL:√.