238. Note.-Adverbs, though very numerous, may nevertheless be reduced to a few classes. You will now read with attention the following list, and I will then ask you some questions respecting each class.

i. Of number: as, "Once, twice, thrice," &c.

2. Of order: as, "First, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly, lastly, finally," &c. 3. Of place: as, Here, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, nerein, whither, hither, thither, upward, downward, forward, backward, whence, hence, thence, whithersoever," &c.

4. Of time.

Of time present: as, "Now, to-day," &c.

Of time past: as, 44

ince, long ago," &c.

Already, before, lately, yesterday, heretofore, hitherto, long

Of time to come: as, "To-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward by and by, instantly, presently, immediately, straightways," &c.

Of time indefinite: as, "Oft, often, ofttimes, oftentimes, sometimes, soon, seldom daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then, ever, never, again," &c.

5. Of quantity: as, "Much, little, sufficiently, how much, how great, enough,

abundantly," &c.

6. Of manner or quality: as," Wisely, foolishly, justly, unjustly, quickly, slowly," &c. Adverbs of quality are the most numerous kind; and they are generally formed by adding the termination ly to an adjective or participle, or changing le into ly: as, "Bad, badly; cheerful, cheerfully; able, ably; admirable, admirably."

7. Of doubt: as, "Perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance."

8. Of affirmation: as, "Verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, certainly, yea, yes, surely, indeed, really," &c.

9. Of negation: as, "Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, in no wise," &c. 10. Of interrogation: as, "How, why, wherefore, whether," &c.

11. Of comparison: as, "More, most, better, best, worse, worst, less, least, very, almost, little, alike," &c.

When a preposition suffers no change, but becomes an adverb merely by its appli. cation: as, when we say, "He rides about;""He was near falling" "But do not after lay the blame on me."

There are also some adverbs, which are composed of nouns, and the letter a used instead of at, on, &c. : as, " Aside. a hirst, afoot, ahead, asleep, aboard, ashore, abed, aground, afloat."

Q. Will you name two adverbs of number? two of order? two of place? two of time present? two of time past? two of time to come? two of time indefinite? two of quantity? two of manner or quality? two of doubt? two of affirmation? two of negation? two of interrogation? two of comparison? Q. Adjectives describe as well as adverbs: how, then, can you tell one from the other?

239. Adjectives describe nouns, but adverbs describe or qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Q. This fact should be remembered; you shall, therefore, have it in the form of a rule: will you repeat it.?

RULE IX.

Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Q. From bad we form the adverb badly: how, then, may a large class • adverbs be formed?

240. By adding ly to adjectives.

Q. Will you in this manner form an adverb from wise? from great? from sinful?

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"The bird sings sweetly."

241. Sweetly is an ADVERB, a word used to qualify a verb adjective, or other adverb; in this example it qualifies the verb sings, agreeably to

RULE IX. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Sings, bird and the are parsed as before.

He was very attentive."
John is quite busy."

• William is really studious."

"James is more studious."
"Walter is most studious."
"Ellen is less happy."

Adverbs qualifying verbs and other adverbs.

"You learn grammar very well."

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James writes most elegantly." "I will assist you most cheer fully."

Adverbs promiscuously used.

"John is not happy."
"Whither shall I fly ?"

66

My brother sends me the paper monthly."

XVI. OF THE PREPOSITION.

Q. To say, "The cider is-cellar," would make no sense: can you inform me what would make sense?

242. "The cider is in the cellar."

Q. By placing the little word in after cider is, and before cellar, the sen tence is rendered complete: what office, then, does in perform?

243. It connects words, and thereby shows the relation between them.

Q. What does the word preposition mean? 244. Placed before.

Q. What, then, may those words like in be called, as they are placed before other words to connect them with words preceding?

245. PREPOSITIONS.

Q. What, then, are prepositions?

246. Prepositions are words used to connect words, and hereby show the relation between them.

247. List of the principal Prepositions.

Q. Will you mention the prepositions beginning with a? with b? el di

e? f? i? n? o? r? t? u? w?

Q. Will you now repeat all the prepositions?

Do we say,

"He works for 1," or, "He works for me"?

In what case is me? (127.)

What case, then, follows prepositions ?

248. The objective case.

Q. This fact is of sufficient inportance to constitute a rule: will vou, therefore, repeat

1

RULE X.

Prepositions govern the objective case.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"John found his hat in the road."

249. In is a PREPOSITION, a word used to connect words, and show the relation between them; it here shows the relation between hat and road.

Road is a NOUN; it is a name-COMMON; it is a general name-NEUTER GENDER; it is neither male nor female-THIRD PERSON; it is spoken of―SINGULAR NUMBER; it means but one --OBJECTIVE CASE; it is the object of the relation denoted by the preposition in, and governed by it according to

RULE X. Prepositions govern the objective case.*

EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED.

"John ran through the house into "I will search the house dili

the garden.'

"We have deceived him to our

sorrow."

"We came in season." 99
"You study grammar for your
improvement in language.'
"From virtue to vice the progress
is gradual."

"They travelled into France
through Italy."

"He lives within his income." Without the aid of charity, he lived very comfortably by his industry."

gently for him."

"We might learn the lesson be fore them."

"According to my impression, he is in fault."

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Notwithstanding his poverty, he was the delight of his acquaintances."

"On all occasions she behaved with propriety."

"Of his talents we might say much."

"We may expect a calm after a storm."

XVII. OF THE CONJUNCTION.

Q When I say, "John--his book," the sense, you perceive, is incom. plete. Can you pu. a word into the blank which will complete the sense? 250. "John reads his book."

The remaining words are parsed as before

Q. Can you inform me what the foregoing expression is called? 251. A sentence.

Q. What, then, is a sentence?

252. A collection of words, forming a complete sense. Q. "Life is short." This expression is called a sentence: can you tell me what kind, and why?

253. It is a simple sentence, because it makes sense, and has but one nominative and one verb.

Q. What does the term compound mean?

254. It means composed of two or more things.

Q."Life is short, and art is long." This sentence is made up of two simple sentences: what, therefore, may it be called?

255. A compound sentence.

Q. What, then, is a compound sentence?

256. A compound sentence contains two or more simple sentences connected together.

Q. What does the term conjunction signify?

257. Union, or joining together.

Q. In the compound sentence, "John writes, and William learns," the simple sentences are joined together by the word and: what word, then, may and be called?

258. A CONJUNCTION.

Q. "The king and queen are an amiable pair." In this sentence, words and not sentences are connected by and: can you point out the words so connected?

259. King and queen.

Q. From the foregoing particulars, what appears to be the use of the conjunction?

260. A conjunction is used to connect words and sentences together.

Q. When I say,

"Five and four are nine," what do I mean?

261. Five added to four make nine.

Q. What, then, is implied by and?

262. Addition.

Q. When I say, "I will go, if you will accompany me," what does the conjunction if imply?

263. Condition or supposition.

Q. What does the word copulative mean?

264. Uniting, joining, or linking together.

Q. And, if, &c. are called copulative conjunctions: can you tell me why! 265. Because a copulative conjunction connects or contin les a sentence by expressing an addition, a supposition. a cause, &c.

Q. The following are the principal conjunctions of this class: will you repeat them?

266. "And, both, because, besides, for, if, provided, since, then, that, therefore, wherefore."

Q. When I say, "James and John will come," I mean both will come, but when I say, "James or John will come," what do I mean?

267. That either James or John, one of them, will

come.

Q. Are the words in this sentence, then, joined or disjoined ?

268. Disjoined.

Q. What word is it that expresses the disjoining? 269. Or.

Q. What part of speech is or?

270. Conjunction.

Q. What does the word disjunctive mean?

271. Disjoining or separating.

Q. What kind of a conjunction, then, shall we call or?

272. A disjunctive conjunction.

Q. "James will come, but Henry will not." Here the two clauses of the sentence are opposed to each other in meaning, and the word but separates these two clauses: what, then, does this word imply?

273. Opposition of meaning.

Q. From the foregoing, what appears to be the use of the disjunctive conjunction?

274. The conjunction disjunctive connects sentences, by expressing opposition of meaning in various degrees.

Q. The following are the principal conjunctions of this class: will you repeat them?

275. “But, than, though, either, or, as, unless, neither, nor, less, yet, notwithstanding."

Q. Prepositions, you recollect, connect words, as well as conjunctions; how, then, can you tell the one from the other?

276. Prepositions show the relation between words, but conjunctions express an addition, a supposition, a cause, or an opposition of meaning.

"He and she write." In what case is he? she?

The pronouns he and she, you perceive, are both in the same case, and connected by the conjunction and when, then, may nouns and pronouns be connected?

277. When they are in the same case.

Q. "She will sing and dances." How may this sentence be corrected! 278. "She will sing and dance."

Q. In what mood and tense is, "She will sing?"

Q. To say,

"She dance," is incorrect; dance, then, in this example, cannot be in the present tense: will you, then, inform me what "She will sing and dance" means, when fully expressed?

279. "She will sing and she will dance."

Q. Here will dance is in the future tense, as well as will sing: when, then, may verbs, in general, be connected?

280. When they are in the same mood and tense.

Q. From the foregoing particulars, what appears to be the rule for the use of conjunctions, in connecting words?

RULE XI.

Conjunctions usually connect verbs of the same mood and tense, and nouns or pronouns of the

same case.