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ucnary ages; retaining from the former its | than ever attended the arms of Cæsar or Alexgenerous and elevated feeling, and inhaling ander. from the latter its acute and fearless investigation. The last pilgrim, with devout feelings, to the holy sepulchre, he was the first supporter of constitutional freedom in France; discarding thus from former times their bigoted fury, and from modern, their infidel spirit; blending all that was noble in the ardour of the Crusades, with all that is generous in the enthusiasm of freedom.

It is the glory of the Conservative Party throughout the world, and by this party we mean all who are desirous in every country to uphold the religion, the institutions, and the liberties of their fathers, that the two greatest writers of the age have devoted their talents to the support of their principles. Sir Walter Scott and Chateaubriand are beyond all question, and by the consent of both nations, at the head of the literature of France and England since the Revolution; and they will both leave names at which the latest posterity will feel proud, when the multitudes who have sought to rival them on the revolutionary side are buried in the waves of forgotten time. It is no small triumph to the cause of order in these trying days, that these mighty spirits, destined to instruct and bless mankind through every succeeding age, should have proved so true to the principles of virtue; and the patriot may well rejoice that generations yet unborn, while they approach their immortal shrines, or share in the enjoyments derived from the legacies they have bequeathed to mankind, will inhale only a holy spirit, and derive from the pleasures of imagination nothing but additional inducements to the performance of duty.

Both these great men are now under an eclipse, too likely, in one at least, to terminate in earthly extinction. The first lies on the bed, if not of material, at least, it is to be feared, of intellectual death; and the second, arrested by the military despotism which he so long strove to avert from his country, has lately awaited in the solitude of a prison the fate destined for him by revolutionary violence.* But

"Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage;
Minds innocent and quiet take
That for an hermitage."

It is in such moments of gloom and depression, when the fortune of the world seems most adverse, when the ties of mortality are about to be dissolved, or the career of virtue is on the point of being terminated, that the immortal superiority of genius and virtue most strongly appear. In vain was the Scottish bard extended on the bed of sickness, or the French patriot confined to the gloom of a dungeon; their works remain to perpetuate their lasting sway over the minds of men; and while their mortal frames are sinking beneath the sufferings of the world, their immortal souls rise into the region of spirits, to witness a triumph more glorious, an ascendency more enduring,

*Sir Walter Scott, at this period, was on his deathbed, and Chateaubriand imprisoned by order of Louis Philippe.

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Though pursuing the same pure and ennobling career; though gifted with the same ardent imagination, and steeped in the same fountains of ancient lore, no two writers were ever more different than Chateaubriand and Sir Walter Scott. The great characteristic of the French author, is the impassioned and enthusiastic turn of his mind. "Master of immense information, thoroughly imbued at once with the learning of classical and catholic times; gifted with a retentive memory, a poetical fancy, and a painter's eye, he brings to bear upon every subject the force of erudition, the images of poetry, the charm of varied scenery, and the eloquence of impassioned feeling. Hence his writings display à reach and variety of imagery, a depth of light and shadow, a vigour of thought, and an extent of illustration, to which there is nothing comparable in any other writer, ancient or modern, with whom we are acquainted. All that he has seen, or read, or heàrd, seem present to his mind, whatever he does, or wherever he is. He illustrates the genius of Christianity by the beauties of classical learning, inhales the spirit of ancient prophecy on the shores of the Jordan, dreams on the banks of the Eurotas of the solitude and gloom of the American forests; visits the Holy Sepulchre with a mind alternately devoted to the devotion of a pilgrim, the curiosity of an antiquary, and the enthusiasm of a crusader, and combines, in his romances, with the tender feelings of chivalrous love, the heroism of Roman virtue, and the sublimity of Christian martyrdom. His writings are less a faithful portrait of any particular age or country, than an assemblage of all that is grand, and generous, and elevated in human nature. He drinks deep of inspiration at all the fountains where it has ever been poured forth to mankind, and delights us less by the accuracy of any particular picture, than the traits of genius which he has combined from every quarter where its footsteps have trod. style seems formed on the lofty strains of Isaiah, or the beautiful images of the Book of Job, more than all the classical or modern literature with which his mind is so amply stored. He is admitted by all Frenchmen, of whatever party, to be the most perfect living master of their language, and to have gained for it beauties unknown to the age of Bossuet and Fenelon. Less polished in his periods, and Fenelon. Less polished in his periods, less sonorous in his diction, less melodious in his rhythm, than these illustrious writers, he is incomparably more varied, rapid, and energetic; his ideas flow in quicker succession, his words follow in more striking antithesis; the past, the present, and the future rise up at once before us; and we see how strongly the stream of genius, instead of gliding down the smooth current of ordinary life, has been broken and agitated by the cataract of revolution.

His

With far less classical learning, fewer images derived from travelling, inferior inmind of a less impassioned and energetic cast, formation on many historical subjects, and a our own Sir Walter is far more deeply read in that book which is ever the same-the human

Of such men France and England may well be proud; shining, as they already do, through the clouds and the passions of a fleeting existence, they are destined soon to illuminate the world with a purer lustre, and ascend to that elevated station in the higher heavens where the fixed stars shed a splendid and imperishable light. The writers whom party has elevated-the genius which vice has seduced, are destined to decline with the interests to which they were devoted, or the passions by which they were misled. The rise of new political struggles will consign to oblivion the vast talent which was engulfed in its contention; the accession of a more virtuous age bury in the dust the fancy which was enlisted in the cause of corruption; while these illustrious men, whose writings have struck root in the inmost recesses of the human heart, and been watered by the streams of imperishable feeling, will for ever continue to elevate and bless a grateful world.

To form a just conception of the importance of Chateaubriand's Genius of Christianity, we must recollect the period when it was published, the character of the works it was intended to combat, and the state of society in which it was destined to appear. For half a

heart. This is his unequalled excellence-in a peasant's arm." Above all, he has uni there he stands, since the days of Shakspeare, formly, in all his varied and extensive produc without a rival. It is to this cause that his tions, shown himself true to the cause of virtue. astonishing success has been owing. We feel Amidst all the innumerable combinations of in his characters that it is not romance, but character, event, and dialogue, which he has real life which is represented. Every word formed, he has ever proved faithful to the polar that is said, especially in the Scotch novels, star of duty; and alone, perhaps, of the great is nature itself. Homer, Cervantes, Shakspeare, romance-writers of the world, has not left a and Scott, alone have penetrated to the deep line which on his death-bed he would wish substratum of character, which, however dis- recalled. guised by the varieties of climate and government, is at bottom everywhere the same; and thence they have found a responsive echo in every human heart. Every man who reads these admirable works, from the North Cape to Cape Horn, feels that what the characters they contain are made to say, is just what would have occurred to themselves, or what they have heard said by others as long as they lived. Nor is it only in the delineation of character, and the knowledge of human nature, that the Scottish Novelist, like his great predecessors, is but for them without a rival. Powerful in the pathetic, admirable in dialogue, unmatched in description, his writings captivate the mind as much by the varied excellencies which they exhibit, as the powerful interest which they maintain. He has carried romance out of the region of imagination and sensibility into the walks of actual life. We feel interested in his characters, not because they are ideal beings with whom we have become acquainted for the first time when we began the book, but because they are the very persons we have lived with from our infancy. His descriptions of scenery are not luxuriant and glowing pictures of imaginary beauty, like those of Mrs. Radcliffe, having no resemblance to actual nature, but faithful and graphic por-century before it appeared, the whole genius traits of real scenes, drawn with the eye of a of France had been incessantly directed to poet, but the fidelity of a consummate draughts- undermine the principles of religion. The man. He has combined historical accuracy days of Pascal and Fenelon, of Saurin and and romantic adventure with the interest of Bourdaloue, of Bossuet and Massillon, had tragic events; we live with the heroes, and passed away; the splendid talent of the sevenprinces, and paladins of former times, as with teenth century was no longer arrayed in the our own contemporaries; and acquire from support of virtue-the supremacy of the church the splendid colouring of his pencil such a had ceased to be exerted to thunder in the ear vivid conception of the manners and pomp of of princes the awful truths of judgment to the feudal ages, that we confound them, in our come. Borne away in the torrent of corruprecollections, with the scenes which we our- tion, the church itself had yielded to the inselves have witnessed. The splendour of creasing vices of the age; its hierarchy had their tournaments, the magnificence of their become involved in the passions they were dress, the glancing of their arms; their haughty destined to combat, and the cardinal's purple manners, daring courage, and knightly cour-covered the shoulders of an associate in the tesy; the shock of their battlesteeds, the splintering of their lances, the conflagration of their castles, are brought before our eyes in such vivid colours, that we are at once transported to the age of Richard and Saladin, of Bruce and Marmion, of Charles the Bold and Philip Augustus. Disdaining to flatter the passions, or pander to the ambition of the populace, he has done more than any man alive to elevate their character; to fill their minds with the noble sentiments which dignify alike the cottage and the palace; to exhibit the triumph of virtue in the humblest stations over all that the world calls great; and without ever indulging a sentiment which might turn them from the scenes of their real usefulness, bring home to every mind the "might that slumbers

midnight orgies of the Regent Orleáns. Such was the audacity of vice, the recklessness of fashion, and the supineness of religion, that Madame Roland tells us, what astonished her in her youthful days was, that the heaven itself did not open, to rain down upon the guilty metropolis, as on the cities of the Jordan, a tempest of consuming fire.

While such was the profligacy of power and the audacity of crime, philosophic talent lent its aid to overwhelm the remaining safeguards of religious belief. The middle and the lower orders could not, indeed, participate in the luxurious vices of their wealthy superiors; but they could well be persuaded that the faith which permitted such enormities, the religion which was stained by such crimes, was a sys

tem of hypocrisy and deceit. The passion for innovation, which more than any other feature characterized that period in France, invaded the precincts of religion as well as the bulwarks of the state-the throne and the altar; the restraints of this world and the next, as is ever the case, crumbled together. For half a century, all the genius of France had been incessantly directed to overturn the sanctity of Christianity; its corruptions were represented as its very essence; its abuses part of its necessary effects. Ridicule, ever more powerful than reason with a frivolous age, lent its aid to overturn the defenceless fabric; and for more than one generation, not one writer of note had appeared to maintain the hopeless cause. Voltaire and Diderot, D'Alembert and Raynal, Laplace and Lagrange, had lent the weight of their illustrious names, or the powers of their versatile minds, to carry on the war. The Encyclopedie was a vast battery of infidelity incessantly directed against Christianity; while the crowd of licentious novelists, with which the age abounded Louvet, Crebillon, Laclos, and a host of others -insinuated the poison, mixed up with the strongest allurements to the passions, and the most voluptuous seductions to the senses.

which he published in 1792, in London, while the principles of virtue and natural religion are unceasingly maintained, he seems to have doubted whether the Christian religion was not crumbling with the institutions of society, and speculated what faith was to be established on its ruins. But misfortune, that great corrector of the vices of the world, soon changed these faulty views. In the days of exile and adversity, when, by the waters of Babylon, he sat down and wept, he reverted to the faith and the belief of his fathers, and inhaled in the school of adversity those noble maxims of devotion and duty which have ever since regulated his conduct in life. Undaunted, though alone, he placed himself on the ruins of the Christian faith; renewed, with Herculean strength, a contest which the talents and vices of half a century had to all appearance rendered hopeless; and, speaking to the hearts of men, now purified by suffering, and cleansed by the agonizing ordeal of revolution, scattered far and wide the seeds of a rational and a manly piety. Other writers have followed in the same noble career: Salvandy and Guizot have traced the beneficial effects of religion upon modern society, and drawn from the last results of revolutionary experience just and sublime conclusions as to the adaptation of Christianity to the wants of humanity; but it is the glory of Chateaubriand alone to have come forth the foremost in the fight; to have planted himself on the breach, when it was strewed only with the dead and the dying, and, strong in the consciousness of gigantic powers, stood undismayed against a nation in arms.

This inundation of infidelity was soon followed by sterner days; to the unrestrained indulgence of passion succeeded the unfettered march of crime. With the destruction of all the bonds which held society together; with the removal of all the restraints on vice or guilt, the fabric of civilization and religion speedily was dissolved. To the licentious orgies of the Regent Orleans succeeded the infernal furies To be successful in the contest, it was indisof the Revolution: from the same Palais Royal pensable that the weapons of warfare should from whence had sprung those fountains of be totally changed. When the ideas of men courtly corruption, soon issued forth the fiery were set adrift by revolutionary changes, when streams of democracy. Enveloped in this the authority of ages was set at nought, and burning torrent, the institutions, the faith, the from centuries of experience appeals were nobles, the throne, were destroyed; the worst made to weeks of innovation, it was in vain to instruments of the supreme justice, the pas-refer to the great or the wise of former ages. sions and ambition of men, were suffered to work their unresisted way: and in a few years the religion of eighteen hundred years was abolished, its priests slain or exiled, its Sabbath abolished, its rites proscribed, its faith unknown. Infancy came into the world without a blessing, age left it without a hope; marriage no longer received a benediction, sickness was left without consolation; the village bell ceased to call the poor to their weekly day of sanctity and repose; the village | churchyard to witness the weeping train of mourners attending their rude forefathers to their last home. The grass grew in the churches of every parish in France; the dead without a blessing were thrust into vast charnel-houses; marriage was contracted being youth. He observed, that it drew its supfore a civil magistrate; and infancy, untaught to pronounce the name of God, longed only for the period when the passions and indulgencies of life were to commence.

It was in these disastrous days that Chateaubriand arose, and bent the force of his lofty mind to restore the fallen but imperishable faith of his fathers. In early youth, he was at first carried away by the fashionable infidelity of his times; and in his "Essais Historiques," <f

Perceiving at once the immense change which had taken place in the world whom he addressed, Chateaubriand saw, that he must alter altogether the means by which they were to be influenced. Disregarding, therefore, entirely the weight of authority, laying aside almost every thing which had been advanced in support of religion by its professed disciples, he applied himself to accumulate the conclusions in its favour which arose from its internal beauty; from its beneficent effect upon society; from the changes it had wrought upon the civilization, the happiness, and destinies of mankind; from its analogy with the sublimest tenets of natural religion; from its unceasing progress, its indefinite extension, and undecay

port from such hidden recesses of the human heart, that it flourished most in periods of disaster and calamity; derived strength from the fountains of suffering, and, banished in all but form from the palaces of princes, spread its roots far and wide in the cottages of the poor. From the intensity of suffering produced by the Revolution, therefore, he conceived the hope, that the feelings of religion would ulti mately resume their sway: when the waters

of bitterness were let loose, the consolations | the French nation a happy bon-mot, impiety of devotion would again be felt to be indispen-clothed in a felicitous expression, a felix culpa, sable; and the spirit of the gospel, banished produce a greater effect than volumes of during the sunshine of corrupt prosperity, return to the repentant human heart with the tears and the storms of adversity.

reasoning or metaphysics? Persuade young men that an honest man can be a Christian without being a fool; convince him that he is in error when he believes that none but capuchins and old women believe in religion, and your cause is gained; it will be time enough to complete the victory to present yourself armed with theological reasons, but what you must begin with is an inducement to read your book. What is most needed is a popular work on religion; those who have hitherto written on it have too often fallen into the error of the traveller who tries to get his companion at one ascent to the summit of a rugged

Proceeding on these just and sublime principles, this great author availed himself of every engine which fancy, experience, or poetry could suggest, to sway the hearts of his readers. He knew well that he was addressing an impassioned and volatile generation, upon whom reason would be thrown away, if not enforced with eloquence, and argument lost, if not clothed in the garb of fancy. To effect his purpose, therefore, of re-opening in the hearts of his readers the all but extinguished fountains of religious feeling, he sum-mountain when he can hardly crawl at its moned to his aid the whole aid which learning, or travelling, or poetry, or fancy, could supply; and scrupled not to employ his powers as a writer of romance, an historian, a descriptive traveller, and a poet, to forward the great work of Christian renovation. Of his object in doing this, he has himself given the following account.*

foot-you must show him at every step varied and agreeable objects; allow him to stop to gather the flowers which are scattered along his path, and from one resting-place to another he will at length gain the summit.

"The author has not intended this work merely for scholars, priests, or doctors; what he wrote for was the men of the world, and "There can be no doubt that the Genius of what he aimed at chiefly were the consideraChristianity would have been a work entirely tions calculated to affect their minds. If you out of place in the age of Louis XIV.; and the do not keep steadily in view that principle, if critic who observed that Massillon would never you forget for a moment the class of readers have published such a book, spoke an un- for whom the Genius of Christianity was indoubted truth. Most certainly the author would tended, you will understand nothing of this never have thought of writing such a work if work. It was intended to be read by the most there had not existed a host of poems, romances, incredulous man of letters, the most volatile and books of all sorts, where Christianity was youth of pleasure, with the same facility as exposed to every species of derision. But the first turns over a work of impiety, or the since these poems, romances, and books exist, second devours a corrupting novel. Do you and are in every one's hands, it becomes in- intend then, exclaim the well-meaning addispensable to extricate religion from the sar-vocates for Christianity, to render religion a casms of impiety; when it has been written on all sides that Christianity is barbarous, ridiculous, the eternal enemy of the arts and of genius;' it is necessary to prove that it is neither barbarous, nor ridiculous, nor the enemy of arts or of genius; and that that which is made by the pen of ridicule to appear diminutive, ignoble, in bad taste, without either charms or tenderness, may be made to appear grand, noble, simple, impressive, and divine, in the hands of a man of religious feeling.

"If it is not permitted to defend religion on what may be called its terrestrial side, if no effort is to be made to prevent ridicule from attaching to its sublime institutions, there will always remain a weak and undefended quarter. There all the strokes at it will be aimed; there you will be caught without defence; from thence you will receive your death-wound. Is not that what has already arrived? Was it not by ridicule and pleasantry that Voltaire succeeded in shaking the foundations of faith? Will you attempt to answer by theological arguments, or the forms of the syllogism, licentious novels or irreligious epigrams? Will formal disquisitions ever prevent an infidel generation from being carried away by clever verses, or deterred from the altar by the fear of ridicule? Does not every one know that in

*All the passages cited are translated by ourselves. There is an English version, we believe, but we have never seen it.

matter of fashion? Would to God, I reply, that that divine religion was really in fashion, in the sense that what is fashionable indicates the prevailing opinion of the world! Individual hypocrisy, indeed, might be increased by such a change, but public morality would unques tionably be a gainer. The rich would no longer make it a point of vanity to corrupt the poor, the master to pervert the mind of his domestic, the fathers of families to pour lessons of atheism into their children; the practice of piety would lead to a belief in its truths, and with the devotion we should see revive the manners and the virtues of the best ages of the world.

"Voltaire, when he attacked Christianity, knew mankind well enough not to seek to avail himself of what is called the opinion of the world, and with that view he employed his talents to bring impiety into fashion. He succeeded by rendering religion ridiculous in the eyes of a frivolous generation. It is this ridicule which the author of the Genius of Christianity has, beyond every thing, sought to efface; that was the object of his work. He may have failed in the execution, but the object surely was highly important. To consider Christianity in its relation with human society; to trace the changes which it has effected in the reason and the passions of man; to show how it has modified the genius of arts and of letters, moulded the spirit of modern nations; in a word, te unfold all the

marvels which religion has wrought in the regions of poetry, morality, politics, history, and public charity, must always be esteemed a noble undertaking. As to its execution, he abandons himself, with submission, to the criticisms of those who appreciate the spirit of the design.

remove. They have addressed themselves in general to them as if they were combatants drawn out in a theological dispute; they have urged a mass of arguments which they were unable to refute, but which were too uninteresting to be even examined, and while they flattered themselves that they had effectually "Take, for example, a picture, professedly silenced their opponents' objections, those of an impious tendency, and place beside it whom they addressed have silently passed by another picture on the same subject from the on the other side. It is, therefore, of incalcuGenius of Christianity, and I will venture to lable importance that some writings should affirm that the latter picture, however feebly | exist which should lead men imperceptibly into executed, will weaken the impression of the the ways of truth, which should insinuate first, so powerful is the effect of simple truth themselves into the tastes, and blend themwhen compared to the most brilliant sophisms. selves with the refinements of ordinary life, Voltaire has frequently turned the religious and perpetually recur to the cultivated mind orders into ridicule; well, put beside one of with all that it admires, or loves, or venerates, his burlesque representations the chapter on in the world. the Missions, that where the order of the Nor let it be imagined that reflections such Hospitallers is depicted as succouring the as these are not the appropriate theme of retravellers in the desert, or the monks relieving | ligious instruction-that they do not form the the sick in the hospitals, attending those dying fit theme of Christian meditation. Whatever of the plague in the lazarettos, or accompany- leads our minds habitually to the Author of ing the criminal to the scaffold, what irony the Universe;-whatever mingles the voice will not be disarmed-what malicious smile of nature with the revelation of the gospel ;will not be converted into tears? Answer the whatever teaches us to see, in all the changes reproaches made to the worship of the Chris- of the world, the varied goodness of him, in tians for their ignorance, by appealing to the whom "we live, and move, and have our immense labours of the ecclesiastics who being,"-brings us nearer to the spirit of the | saved from destruction the manuscripts of Saviour of mankind. But it is not only as antiquity. Reply to the accusations of bad encouraging a sincere devotion, that these retaste and barbarity, by referring to the works flections are favourable to Christianity; there of Bossuet and Fenelon. Oppose to the carica- is something, moreover, peculiarly allied to its tures of saints and of angels, the sublime effects spirit in such observations of external nature. of Christianity on the dramatic part of poetry, When our Saviour prepared himself for his on eloquence, and the fine arts, and say temptation, his agony, and death, he retired to whether the impression of ridicule will long the wilderness of Judæa, to inhale, we may maintain its ground? Should the author have venture to believe, a holier spirit amidst its no other success than that of having displayed solitary scenes, and to approach to a nearer before the eyes of an infidel age a long series communion with his Father, amidst the subof religious pictures without exciting disgust, limest of his works. It is with similar feelings, he would deem his labours not useless to the and to worship the same Father, that the cause of humanity."-III. 263–266. Christian is permitted to enter the temple of nature; and by the spirit of his religion, there is a language infused into the objects which she presents, unknown to the worshipper of former times. To all indeed the same objects appear-the same sun shines-the same heavens are open: but to the Christian alone it is permitted to know the Author of these things; to see his spirit "move in the breeze 'and blossom in the spring," and to read, in the changes which occur in the material world, the varied expression of eternal love. It is from the influence of Christianity accordingly that the key has been given to the signs of nature. It was only when the Spirit of God moved on the face of the deep, that order and beauty was seen in the world.

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These observations appear to us as just as they are profound, and they are the reflections not merely of a sincere Christian, but a man practically acquainted with the state of the world. It is of the utmost importance, no doubt, that there should exist works on the Christian faith, in which the arguments of the skeptic should be combated, and to which the Christian disciple might refer with confidence for a refutation of the objections which have been urged against his religion. But great as is the merit of such productions, their beneficial effects are limited in their operation compared with those which are produced by such writings as we are considering. The hardened sceptic will never turn to a work on divinity for a solution of his paradoxes; and men of the world can never be persuaded to enter on serious arguments even on the most momentous subject of human belief. It is the indiffer-known to the writers of antiquity. They deence, not the skepticism of such men, which is chiefly to be dreaded: the danger to be apprehended is not that they will say there is no God, but that they will live altogether without God in the world. It has happened but too frequently that divines, in their zeal for the progress of Christianity among such men, have augmented the very evil they intended to

It is accordingly peculiarly well worthy of observation, that the beauty of nature, as felt in modern times, seems to have been almost un

scribed occasionally the scenes in which they dwelt; but, if we except Virgil, whose gentle mind seems to have anticipated, in this instance, the influence of the gospel, never with any deep feeling of their beauty. Then, as now, the citadel of Athens looked upon the evening sun, and her temples flamed in his setting beam; but what Athenian writer ever

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