185, 200, 201, 202, 206, 215, 234, 274, 282.

Due process of law, significance of, 296.

ELECTORAL COMMISSION, 231. Ellsworth, Oliver, 63; chief justice, 243; remarks upon duty of courts to declare unconstitutional law void, 251; drafts judiciary act, 253.

Emancipation proclamation, 203; scope of, 203.

Embargoes, 136; effect of, 136; policy; of, 137.

Expenses of government first year, 99. Exports, the South opposes taxation upon, 79; not to be taxed, 79.

Extent of territory, a condition of, Georgia, provincial government of, 20; safety, 316, 321.

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, delegate to constitutional convention, 63; char

INDEX.

acter of, 63, 103, 108; favors strong government, 64; delegate to N. Y. convention, 88; writes portions of Federalist," 88; first secretary of treasury, 102; influence in organizing government under constitution, 103; financial measures of, 104, 105; cooperates with Jefferson to locate capital and assume state debts, 107; leader of federal party, 107; upon French treaty, 121; aids election of Jefferson, 134; quoted, upon departments of government, 70; upon probability of ratification, 83; upon financial policy, 104; upon bank, 112; upon action by Virginia, 115; upon liberal construction of constitution, 130; upon the judiciary, 241; upon supremacy of constitution, 252; upon power of individual to sue a state, 253; upon government, 308, 317. Hancock, John, in Massachusetts convention, 80; upon power of individual to sue a state, 254.

Harlan, Justice, quoted, 283.
Harrison, William H., President, 166.
Hartford convention, 139.

Hayes, Rutherford B., President, 220;

his administration, 221.

Henry, Patrick, refuses to attend constitutional convention, 62; opposes ratification, 85.

fligher law, the, 190, 219.

History, new era in its teachings, 326.
Holy alliance, the, 145.
Houston, Samuel, sketch of, 168.

IMMIGRATION, not dangerous, 336.
Indians, peace with, 119; not citizens,

216; The Cherokee case, 237.
Internal Improvements, 142; appro-
priations for, 142.
Iowa admitted, 194.

JACKSON, ANDREW, gains battle of

383

toast, 160; proclamation against nul-
lification, 161; tribute to, 165; opin-
ion upon power of supreme court,
232, 237.

Jay, John, author of first constitution
of N. Y., 44; minister to England,
57; writes portions of "Federalist,"
88; chief justice, 123, 242; nego-
tiates treaty with England, 123; op-
position to the treaty, 123; resigns
as chief justice, 242.
Jefferson, Thomas, first secretary of
state, 102; influence of, 103; char-
acter and fame of, 108; contentions
with Hamilton, 108; his account of
the adoption of the capital and as-
sumption bills, 106; views of Hamil-
ton's methods, 115; sympathy with
whiskey rebellion, 118; leader of
anti-federalist party, 107, 127; au-
thor of Kentucky resolutions, 127;
opposition to the federal administra-
tion, 128; fears monarchy in U. S.,
129; elected President, 129, 134; his
administration, 131-137; purchases
Louisiana, 135; recommends em-
bargo, 136; quoted, 110, 112, 115,
129, 130, 231.

Johnson, Andrew, President, 207; char-
acter of, referred to, 207, 210, 213;
attempts reconstruction alone, 208;
measures for, 211; failure of his
measures, 211; impeachment of, and
its failure, 213; Congress passes acts
over his veto, 214, 244.
Judiciary Department. See Supreme
Court. Creation and powers of, dis-
cussed in constitutional convention,
73; weak in the beginning, 227; un-
certainty as to powers, 227; weakest
in the government, 241; jurisdiction
of, 242; appellate jurisdiction of
judgments of state courts, 262; re-
sisted, 262-267; proposition to re-
peal act conferring jurisdiction of
state judgments, 267; popular senti-
ment respecting, 335.

New Orleans, 138; candidate for
President, 146; character of, 147; be-
comes President, 148; his administra-
tion, 149; removes deposits of U. S.,
151; censured by Senate, 151; res-
olution expunged, 151; his union | Kansas-Nebraska bill, 196, 197, 199.

KANSAS, Struggles in, 196; admission
as a free state, 200.

Kentucky, admitted, 116; adheres to
the Union, 203.

LEE, RICHARD HENRY, opposes ratifi-
cation of constitution, 86; favors
fair trial after its ratification, 98.
Legal tender cases, 244, 301.
Lexington and Concord, battles of, 39.
Lincoln, Abraham, on slavery, 197;
elected President, 203; disclaims pur-
pose to interfere with slavery, 203;
overrules Fremont's plan to free
slaves, 204; issues emancipation
proclamation, 205; character, 206;
death, 206; reserves reconstruction
to himself, 207; plan for reconstruc-
tion in Louisiana, 209; supported by
the people against Congress, 210;
quoted, upon power of supreme
court, 234; action in Merryman's
case, 240.

Local self-government, in colonies, 3;
in states, 5; essential part of Amer-
ican system, 319, 321.

Louisiana, opposition to admission of,
187; secedes, 203; reconstruction of,
209.

Louisiana territory, purchase of, 135;
constitutionality of purchase, 135;
importance of, 135.
Lundy, Benjamin, 189.

MACHINE politics, 149, 166.
Madison, James, delegate to constitu-
tional convention, 63; character of,
63; proposes privy council, 72; doubt-
ful about ratification, 81; in Virginia
convention, 86; writes portions of
"Federalist," 88; useful labors in
first Congress under constitution, 98;
President, 137; quoted, upon slaves,
182; upon supreme court, 235; upon
principles of government, 307, 313,
316, 322.

"Madison Papers," 64.

268, 270; present influence and fame of, 277.

Martin, Luther, remarks in constitutional convention, 68; letter in opposition to ratification, 85; referred to, 269. Maryland, proprietary government of, 20; religious liberty in, 27; becomes a state, 44; sends delegates to constitutional convention, 61; adheres to Union, 203. Massachusetts, representative assembly in, 21; illiberal charter of 1692 expanded by usage, 22; religious liberty developed in, 27; deprived of charter privileges, 38; ratifies constitution, 84; attitude in war of 1812, 139; sends delegates to Hartford Convention, 139. Merryman's case, 240.

Mexico, war with, 170; results of the war, 170.

Miller, Justice, quoted, 279; construes fourteenth amendment, 284. Minor's case, 288. Mississippi, secedes, 203. Missouri, admitted with slavery, 188; compromise, 189; compromise declared unconstitutional, 200; adheres to the Union, 203. Monroe, James, opposes ratification of constitution, 86; letter to Jackson, 131; becomes President, 141; his executive ability, 141; reëlection, 141; vetoes bill for Cumberland Road, 142; veto message suggests river and harbor improvements, 143; signs Missouri compromise bill, 189. Monroe doctrine, the, 144; applied in case of Mexico, 145. Montesquieu, referred to, 5, 88, 178; quoted, 313, 316, 323. Morocco, government of, 323.

NAPOLEON'S wars, 136; effect of his overthrow on our war with England,

138.

Navigation acts, in restraint of colonial trade, 23; after the revolution,

Marshall, John, in Virginia convention, 86; expositions of constitution, followed by Webster in reply to Hayne, 157, 271; referred to, 171, 260, 272; chief justice, 243; secretary of state, 259; quoted, 114, 266, Nebraska, 195; bill for government of,

56.

195; excitement caused by passage | Ordinance, for government of Northof amended bill, 199.

Negroes. See Slavery. Laws of seced-
ing states against, 212; equal rights
and suffrage given to, 216, 219; con-
dition of, 218.

Neutrality, in French Revolution, 122.
New Hampshire, provincial govern-
ment of, 20; first to adopt state
constitution, 43; sends delegates to
constitutional convention, 61; rati-
fies constitution, 86.
New Haven, colony of, 21.

New Jersey, provincial government of,
20; religious liberty in, 32; forms
state constitution, 43; ratifies consti-
tution, 83; threatens to repudiate re-
quisitions of confederacy, 59.
New York, settled by the Dutch, 22;
struggles of people for liberty, 22;
religious liberty in, 31; becomes a
state, 44; votes with small states in
constitutional convention, 67; two of
her delegates withdraw from conven-
tion, 87; convention of, opposed to
ratification, 86; Governor Clinton
opposes, 87; remarks of, 91; tenth
state to ratify, 95; not participating
in first presidential election, 97; re-
sponse of assembly of, to Virginia
and Kentucky resolutions, 128.
Non-intercourse acts, in war of 1812,
136.

North Carolina, Locke's constitutions
for, 30; settlers in, 30; religious lib-
erty in, 30; forms state constitution,
45; twelfth state to ratify constitu-
tion, 95; cedes western territory sub-
ject to slavery, 185; secedes, 203.
Nullification, 155, 160; constitution-
ality of, discussed 155-160; ordi-
nance of, 161; South Carolina stands
alone, 161; measures to suppress,
162; averted by compromise, 162;
opposition to the compromise, 162;
South Carolina claims the victory,
162, 165.

OHIO, opposition in to judgment of
U. S. court, 267.
Orders in Council, British, 80.

25

west Territory, 99; effect of, 185; of nullification, 161. Oregon, territory, acquired, 186; boundary settled, 194.

PARLIAMENT, power of, 8; conservation of members of, 8; right of, to tax America, 35; to bind colonies in all cases, 37; imposes duties upon imports, 36; distinction between acts of, and of Congress and state legislatures, 246; tendency of, toward democracy, 348.

Parties, political, formation of, 107; early contentions of, 116; decay of in Monroe's administration, 146; formation of new, 146; democratic, 116, 123, 146, 192; whig, 166, 195; anti-slavery, 169-197; republican,

197.

Pennsylvania, proprietary government of colony of, 20; religious liberty in, 32; adopts tariff before the constitution, 56; sends delegates to constitutional convention, 61; ratifies constitution, 83; resists supreme court, 264. People, the, confer sovereign powers, 6;

govern indirectly through their offi cers, 309; why so reliable, 315, 316; their vices utilized, 314; their virtue increasing, 330.

Physical features of U. S. contribute to
union, 324.

Pierce, Franklin, President, 195.
Pinckney, Charles C., 58; delegate to

constitutional convention, 63; pro-
poses plan of constitution, 65; quoted
upon protection given to slavery by
the constitution, 181.
Pinkney, William, Marshall's opinion
of, 268.

Political clubs formed by Genet, 122.
Population, increase of, 331.
Post-offices in 1789, 99.
President, the, discussion over in consti-

tutional convention, 72; how chosen,
72, 134; duties of, 13, 72; why made
eligible to reëlection, 71; first elec-
tion of, 97; power to remove officers,
99; executive power, extent of, 129;

as commander-in-chief, 205; to recon- | Religious liberty, development of, in the

colonies, 27.

struct states, 208.
Provisional governments for seceded Removal of deposits, 151.
states, 211.

Removals from office, 149.

Public lands should be reserved for Republican party, 197.

actual occupants, 332.

QUEBEC, consequences of capture of,

18.

RAILROADS, extent and business of,

122.

Randolph, Edmund, remarks of, in constitutional convention, 64. Ratification of the constitution, in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut, 83; struggle in Massachusetts, 83; ratified, 84; in Maryland and South Carolina, 85; opposition in Virginia, 85; ratified, 86; in New Hampshire, 86; opposition in New York, 86; sketch of debates in New York convention, 89-95; ratified, 95; in North Carolina, 95; in Rhode Island, 96. Reconstruction of seceded states, 207; constitutional authority for, 208; objects to be attained, 207 Lincoln's views of, 207, 208, 210; his plan in Louisiana, 209; congressional objections to, disregarded, 210; President Johnson undertakes, without aid of Congress, 208; amnesty proclamation, 211; action by seceded states, 212; oppressive laws against negroes, 212; failure of Johnson's plan, 212; Congress takes control, 213; popular feeling in seceded states, 213; congressional plan and action, 214; the civil rights bill, 214; fourteenth amendment, 214, 215; Tennessee readmitted, 214; seceded states readmitted, 215; impeachment of President Johnson and its failure, 215; negro suffrage, 216; carpet-bag gov. ernment, 217; resumption by the whites of political power, 217; condition of the negro, 218; negro suffrage at the North, 219. Religion influence of, upon the state,

339.

Revolution, the, causes leading to, 23,
33, 38; declaration of war of, 41;
treaty of peace, 53; soldiers of, un-
paid, 53; debts incurred for, 53.
Rhode Island, charter of, continued as
state constitution, 21; religious lib-
erty in, 27; refuses to ratify amend-
ments to Articles of Confedera-
tion, 54, 62; does not participate in
making constitution, 61; last state
to ratify, 96; slavery in colony of,
178; rival governments of, in 1842,
322.

Rivers and harbors, improvement of,
142; extravagant appropriations for,
143; bill for, vetoed by Presidents
Pierce and Arthur, 143.
Russia, friendship of in war of 1812,
138; government of 323.

SECESSION, by eleven states, 203.
Sedition law, prosecutions under, 127.
Shays' rebellion, 61, 84.
Sidney Algernon, quoted, 111.
Slaughter-House cases, 284.
Slavery in United States, 175; how
introduced, 175; influence upon, of
religious wars, 175; legality of, in
colonies, 176; Somerset's case, 176;
positive law necessary to create it,
176; so declared by constitution,
177; early slave-trade, 177; condi-
tion of negro when first imported,
177; institution tolerated, 178;
emancipation of, in nineteenth cen-
tury, 178; Jefferson opposed to, 178;
constitution established it, 179–182;
early petitions to Congress to abolish,
182; first fugitive slave law, 183;
abolition by northern states, 183;
abolition societies, 184, 190; Amer-
ican Colonization Society, 184; new
free and slave states admitted in
pairs, 184, 186; Ordinance of 1787,
185; admission of Louisiana, 187;
Missouri Compromise, 189; Benjamin