propose the minor punishments which they think proportioned to the offence, and to make report thereof to the Professors for their approbation, or their commutation of the penalty, if it be beyond the grade of the offence. These censors shall hold their offices until the end of the session of their appointment, if not sooner revoked by the Faculty.'

"During the very first session of the University, events occurred to exhibit the insufficiency of any enactment of the kind, and accordingly in the next edition of the 'Enactments,' published in 1827, it was stricken out. So long indeed, as I have elsewhere remarked (see article on College Instruction and Discipline' in the American Quarterly Review for June, 1831, p. 294), as the esprit de corps or Burschenschaft prevails amongst students, which inculcates that it is a stigma of the deepest hue to give testimony against a fellow student, it is vain to expect any cooperation in the discipline of the institution from them. This 'loose principle in the ethics of schoolboy combinations,' as it was termed by Mr. Jefferson, has, indeed, led to numerous and serious evils. It has been a great cause of the combinations formed in resistance to the lawful authorities, of intemperate addresses at the instigation of some unworthy member, and of repeated scenes of commotion and violence. It is rare for a youth to hesitate to depose in a court of justice, touching an offence against the municipal laws of his country, committed by a brother-student. The youth, and the people at large, are, indeed, distinguished for their ready attention to the calls of justice. Yet it is esteemed the depth of dishonor to testify when called upon by the college authorities, against the grossest violation not only of collegiate but of municipal law; as if it could be less honorable to give the same testimony before one tribunal than the other; or as if the morality of the act differed in the two cases.

"The fallacy of placing any reliance on appeals to reason and to sense of propriety on the part of the students, and the evils of this Burschenschaft, were apparent before the termination of the first session. Offences of a disturbing character were committed, and when the offenders were detected they were first admonished, and then mildly punished; until, at length, riot and disorder occurred, which could no longer be tolerated. 'Nightly disorders' (says Professor Tucker) were habitual with the students, until passing from step to step, they reached a point of riot and excess, to which the forbearance of the Professors could no longer extend, when the students considered their rights violated, and openly resisted the authority of the Faculty. This happened in October, immediately before the annual meeting of the Visitors. The subject was laid before them by the Faculty. More deep mortification, more poignant distress, could not be felt than was experienced by Mr. Jefferson. The following day he came down with the other Visitors from Monticello, which was their head-quarters, summoned the students into their presence, and they were addressed in short speeches by himself, Mr. Madison, and Chapman Johnson. The object of these addresses was, not merely to produce in the young men a disposition to obey the laws, and return to their studies, but to induce the principal rioters to give up their names. The address of these men-the two first venerable by their years, their services, and their authority-could not be resisted. The offenders came forward, one by one, and confessed their agency. Among those who thus almost redeemed their past error, by this manly course, was one of his own nephews. The shock which Mr. Jefferson felt when he, for the first time, discovered that the efforts of the last ten years of his life had been foiled, and put in

jeopardy by one of his family, was more than his own patience could endure, and he could not forbear from using, for the first time, the language of indignation and reproach. Some of the offenders, among whom was his nephew, were expelled by the Faculty; and others were more lightly punished. Their offensive memorial was withdrawn, the exercises of the University were resumed, and under a system liberal without being lax, a degree of order and regularity has been progressively increasing, and is supposed to be now nowhere exceeded.'"

We will here drop Dr. Dunglison's Memoranda for a time.

It ought to be added to a preceding remark, that Mr. Jefferson's kindly social attentions to the members of the University were not confined to its officers. As often as once a week, a number of students were invited to dine with him. He sometimes, perhaps generally, ate apart on such occasions, as he could hear nothing amidst the clatter of a joyous company, and he wished to be no impediment to the enjoyment of others. But before and after the meal, he attentively devoted himself to his young guests.

CHAPTER XIII.

1825-1826.

Visitors at the University in 1825.-Mr. Wirt's last Visit to Monticello-Mr. Kennedy's Visit The Duke of Saxe-Weimar's Account of his Visit-Mr. Jefferson's Correspondence in 1825-His persistent Views in regard to the Aims of our early Political Parties To Mr. Livingston, concerning his Civil Code-Miscellaneous Letters-Letter of Advice for the Future Guidance of a Child-Views on President J. Q. Adams's first Message Proposes that Virginia protest against Internal Improvements, by Congress Suggests a Constitutional Amendment-Asks Permission of Legislature to sell his Lands by Lottery-His Paper on the Subject-Reasons for the Request Other Plans suggested-Grant to University refused-A misrepresented Joke-Declines a Donation from the State-Letter to his Grandson-Gloomy Prospects-Correspondence with Cabell-Explains his Affairs to Madison-Loss by Indorsing-The Friend who gave the Coup de grâce-Some characteristic Incidents-Nicholas's last Declarations Lottery Bill passes-Public Meetings on the Subject-Proceedings of Meeting in Nelson County-Lottery Scheme does not come up to the public wishes-Contributions from New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, etc.-Manner in which Jefferson received these Aids-His declining Health-Conceals his Malady from his FamilyMakes his Will-Reluctance to be helped-Continues his Rides-Dangerous Accidents -Opening of 1826-Letter on Slavery-His last Reading-Nearly suffocated by an Artist-His Deportment to his Family-Invited to attend the 50th Anniversary of Independence at Washington-His Reply-Deaths of Jefferson and Adams on that Day -Jefferson's Death described by his Grandson-His last written Message to his Daughter-Mr. Trist's Recollections, etc.-Dr. Dunglison's Memoranda of Jefferson's Illness and Death-What he meant by asking Madison to "Take care of him when Dead"-Madison to Trist, on hearing of Jefferson's Death-Judge Carr's Letter-The Public Sorrow over the Deaths of Jefferson and Adains-Funeral Orations.

AMONG the distinguished visitors to the University the first year of its establishment, were Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach; Mr. Stanley, now Lord Derby; the Honorable J. Evelyn Denison, M.P.; Mr. Stuart Wortley, and others. It is probable that most, if not all of these gentlemen were drawn to Charlottesville by a desire to visit Monticello.

Mr. Wirt made his last visit to Mr. Jefferson in August, 1825. The accomplished author of Wirt's Memoirs, Mr. Kennedy, says of this visit: "The meeting, we believe, was of

melancholy concern to the Attorney-General. It was the visit of a pilgrim, not to an empty shrine, but to an ancient hearthstone, where the friend of his youth yet inhabited, and where many vivid memories yet lingered to bring back the images of the past, now saddened by the thought that the brittle chain of a great life was soon to be broken, and with it, almost every surviving association which gave interest to the place.'

The Duke of Saxe-Weimar left the following account of his visit to Monticello, in his published "Travels in North America in 1825 and 1826:"

"The University is situated on a hill in a very healthy situation, and there is a very fine view of the Blue Ridge. President Jefferson invited us to a family dinner; but as in Charlottesville there is but a single hackney coach, and this being absent, we were obliged to go the three miles to Monticello on foot.

"We went by a pathway, through well cultivated and inclosed fields, crossed a creek named Rivanna, passing on a trunk of a tree, cut in a rough shape, and without rails; then ascended a steep hill overgrown with wood, and came on its top, to Mr. Jefferson's house, which is in an open space, walled round with bricks, forming an oblong, whose shorter sides are rounded; on each of the longer sides are portals of four columns.

"The unsuccessful waiting for a carriage, and our long walk, caused such a delay, that we found the company at table when we entered; but Mr. Jefferson came very kindly to meet us, forced us to take our seats, and ordered dinner to be served up anew. He was an old man of eighty-six years of age, of tall stature, plain appearance, and long, white hair.

"In conversation, he was very lively, and his spirits, as also his hearing and sight, seemed not to have decreased at all, with his advancing age. I found in him a man who retained his faculties remarkably well in his old age, and one would have taken him for a man of sixty. He asked me what I had seen in Virginia. I eulogized all the places that I was certain would meet with his approbation, and he seemed very much pleased. The company at the table consisted of the family of his daughter, Mrs. Randolph, and of that of the Professor of Mathematics at the

1 Mr. Kennedy says in a note on the same page: "The writer of this memoir visited Monticello within a few weeks after the period referred to in the text. I was accompanied by a friend, and had a letter of introduction from Mr. Wirt. I had never seen Mr. Jefferson. It was a hot day in July when we reached the top of the mountain, and entered the spacious hall of the mansion. We presented the letter to a lady of the family. Mr. Jefferson had been very ill with a recent attack of his malady, and therefore excused himself from receiving company. There was a large glass door which opened upon the hall and separated Mr. Jefferson's apartments from it. Whilst we sat in this hall, a tall, attenuated figure, slightly stooping forward, and exhibiting a countenance filled with an expression of pain, slowly walked across the space visible through the glass door. It was Mr. Jefferson. He was dressed in a costume long out of fashion -smallclothes, a waistcoat with flaps, and, as it struck us, in the brief view we had, some remnants of embroidery. The silence of the footfall, the venerable figure, the old costume, and the short space in which that image glided past the glass door, made a strange and mysterious impression upon us. It was all I ever saw of the sage of Monticello."

The hastiness of Mr. Kennedy's view betrayed him into some errors. Mr. Jefferson wore no embroidery. The smallclothes had given place to pantaloons when he was about seventy years old; and with characteristic utilitarianism he had immediately wondered that he had not discovered their superior convenience before.

University, an Englishman and his wife. I turned the conversation to the subject of the University, and observed that this was the favorite topic with Mr. Jefferson; he entertained very sanguine hopes as to the flourishing state of the University in future, and believed that it, and the Harvard University, near Boston, would in a very short time be the only institutions, where the youth of the United States would receive a truly classical and solid education. After dinner we intended to take our leave, in order to return to Charlottesville, but Mr. Jefferson would not consent to it. He pressed us to remain for the night at his house. The evening was spent by the fire; a great deal was said about travels, and objects of natural history; the fine arts were also introduced, of which Mr. Jefferson was a great admirer. He spoke also of his travels in France, and the country on the Rhine, where he was very much pleased. His description of Virginia is the best proof what an admirer he is of the beauties of Nature. He told us that it was only eight months since he could not ride on horseback; otherwise he rode every day to visit the surrounding country; he entertained, however, hopes of being able to re-commence, the next spring, his favorite exercise. Between nine and ten o'clock in the evening, the company broke up, and a handsome room was assigned to me.

"The next morning I took a walk round the house and admired the beautiful panorama which this spot presents. On the left I saw the Blue Ridge, and between them and Monticello are smaller hills. Charlottesville and the University lay at my feet; before me, the valley of the Rivanna River, which farther on makes its junction with the James River, and on my right was the flat part of Virginia, the extent of which is lost in distance; behind me was a towering hill which limited the sight. The interior of the house was plain, and the furniture somewhat of an old fashion. In the entrance was a marble stove with Mr. Jefferson's bust, by Ceracchi. In the room hung several copies of the celebrated pictures of the Italian school, views of Monticello, Mount Vernon, the principal buildings in Washington, and Harper's Ferry; there were also an oil painting and an engraving of the Natural Bridge, views of Niagara by Vanderlin, a sketch of the large picture by Trumbull, representing the Surrender at Yorktown, and a pen drawing of Hector's Departure, by Benjamin West, presented by him to General KOSCIUSÃO; finally, several portraits of Mr. Jefferson, among which, the best was that in profile, by Stuart. In the saloon, there were two busts, one of Napoleon, as First Consul, and another of the Emperor Alexander. Mr. Jefferson admired Napoleon's military tactics, but did not love him. After breakfast, which we took with the family, we bid the respectable old man farewell, and set out upon our return to Charlottesville.

"Mr. Jefferson tendered us the use of his carriage, but I declined, as I preferred walking in a fine and cool morning." Vol. i., p. 197, et seq.

The observing reader will note a number of trifling errors in this description, and in one or two instances an amusing tone of complaisance. But amiable Duke Bernhard does not take credit to himself for resolutely insisting, contrary to the protestations of Mrs. Randolph, that the cold meats be returned to the dinner table for him, precisely as they left it, and then of feeding from them with a relish which offered the best compliment to the housekeeping. Anxious to please, sensible and down