Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, Parte 3

William Allen Miller

Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1867

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INTRODUCTORY	1

Difference between Organized and Organic Bodies 1036 Ordinary Components of Organic Compounds 1037 Difference between Organic and Inorg...	4

Frequency of Isomerism in Organic Bodies	5

Analysis of Organic Bodies	6

A Proximate AnalysisDesiccation	7

Fractional Crystallization Precipitation Distillation Solution and Saturation 3 4 5 6 1041 B Ultimate AnalysisDesiccation	11

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi	14

Determination of Saline Constituents 1043 General Principles of Ultimate Analysis 1044 1 Analysis of a Solid free from Nitrogen 1045 2 Analysis of ...	21

Bases produced by the Action of Ammonia on certain Aldehyds	537

FurfurolFurfuramideFurfurine 1387 Benzoline or AmarinePyrobenzoline B Natural Bases 1 Volatile Oily Bases destitute of Oxygen	538

Conylia and its DerivativesHemlock 1389 SparteiaScoparinBroom 1390 Nicotylia and its DerivativesTobacco 1391 Preparation of Snuff	542

Bases which contain Oxygen 1392 a Alkaloids of the Cinchonas	544

119	548

c Alkaloids of the PeppersPiperinePiperidineCapsicine ib 1402 d Alkaloids of the Strychnos tribe 1403	561

Strychnia and its Derivatives Brucia IgasuriaWoorara 1405 e Other less known BasesVeratriaAconitinaAtropia Harmaline and HarmineEmetia 560 561	562

f Alkaloids of Coffee Tea and ChocolateCaffeine or 1407	567

1048	23

Method of Dumas Method of Relative Volumes	24

Determination of Sulphur and of Phosphorus 1051 Determination of Chlorine Bromine and Iodine 1052 Determination of the Equivalents of Organi...	26

TABLE OF CONTENTS	27

30	30

Vapour Densityits Theoretical Value 1055 Distinction between Atomic Weight and Molecular Weight 1056 On the Use of Molecular Formulæ	31

Classification of Organic Compounds	33

Ordinary Alcohol or Spirit of Wine	34

12	38

II Action of the Acids upon the Alcohols 1134 The Vinic Acids 1135 Ethylsulphuric or Sulphovinic Acid 1136 Isethionic Parethionic and Althionic ...	39

20	40

Theory of Compound Radicles	42

Theory of Isolated RadiclesAtomsMolecules	44

Arguments for doubling the Atomic Weight of Oxygen	48

Chemical Types	51

21	53

Theory of Polybasic Elements PAGE 42	56

23	57

Application of the Theory of Multequivalent Elements 1066 Mode of determining the Equivalency of an Element 1067 Bearing of the law of Multip...	64

24	65

Causes of Polybasic Character of Radicles 1069 Influence of Position of the Atoms in a Compound upon its Properties	70

Production of Chemical Metamorphoses	72

Metamorphosis by Oxidation	74

Metamorphosis by Reduction	75

Metamorphosis by Substitution	77

Substitution of Chlorine and its Analogues for Hydrogen	78

Inverse Substitutions 1075 Synthesis of Organic Compounds 60 64 65 68 70 898 2 5	80

CHAPTER II	89

General Remarks on Sugars Starch	92

1082	94

Other Modes of Decomposition of Sugar	95

Action of Heat on SugarCaramel	96

Grape Sugar Dextrose or GlucoseSulphosaccharic 1085 GlucicApoglucic and Melassic Acids Quantitative Estimation of Sugar	102

Fruit Sugar or LævuloseInverted Sugar 1087	104

175	105

1088	106

1089	109

89	112

Varieties of Starch and	115

Starch Arrowroot TapiocaSago 1093 Properties of Starch	117

Preparation of Starch British Gum 1095 Glycogen 1096 Diastase	122

Theory of the Action of Ferments 1098 Preparation of Malt	126

Dextrin 1100 Inulin	128

xxiv	130

25	132

GumArabinBassorinMucilage 1102 Vegetable JellyPectose PectinPectic Parapectic Meta pectic and Pectosic Acids III Cellulin and Woody Fibre	133

CellulinVegetable Parchment	134

93	138

PyroxylinGuncottonCollodion 1105 Nitrous Derivatives from Sugar c allied to Pyroxylin XyloidinNitromannite	139

Tunicin	140

Lignin or Woody Fibreits Varieties 1108 Manufacture of Paper	141

General Remarks on the Amylaceous Group 1110 On the Decay of Woody Fibre	143

26	150

Table of Analyses of Coal IV On Fermentation	151

a Alcoholic Fermentation	152

Nature and Properties of Yeast 1115 Progress of Fermentation	158

b Fermentation of Bread 1116 Composition of Bread Stuffs	161

Gluten	163

Preparation of BreadNew and Stale Bread 1119 c Lactic Fermentation	168

I120 d Viscous Fermentation CHAPTER III	169

TABLE OF CONTENTS	172

1201	176

The Monatomic and Diatomic Alcohols and PAGE	180

95	189

190	190

The Ethers	202

Simple Ethers 2 Mixed Ethers 3 Compound Ethers 1140 General Properties of the Ethers	207

a Ordinary Ethylic or Vinic Ether 1142 Theory of Etherification	212

115	217

Hydrochloric Ether or Ethyl Chloride 1145 Hydrobromic Ether or Ethyl Bromide 1146 Hydriodic Ether or Ethyl Iodide 1147 Sulphides of EthylMe...	220

Selenides and Tellurides of Ethyl 1149 Hydrocyanic EtherNitrilesCyanethine c Ethylic Ethers of the Oxyacids	224

Ethyl SulphateHeavy Oil of WineEtherolEtherin 1151 Nitric Ether 1152 Nitrous Ether	225

Perchloric Ether 1154 Silicic Ethers	226

Boracic Ethers 1156 Formic Ether 1157 Acetic Ether	228

Butyric Ether	229

96	233

Methylsulphuric Ether	235

117	237

Dichlorinated and Perchlorinated Ethylic Ether	242

a Alcohol Radicles Han+12	250

1184	254

200	256

Kakodyl	265

202	273

29	277

Glycols	282

31	284

208	290

General Nature of Neutral Fats	296

b Proximate Constituents of the Fats and Oils 1227 Stearin	306

1229 Margarin	307

OleinAdipocire 1231 c Action of Bases upon Fats 1232 Varieties of Soap	309

Manufacture of Soap	310

d Manufacture of Fatty Acids for Candles 1234 Saponification by Lime	312

212	313

Different forms of Glycerin 1238 Normal Glycerin	315

General Principles of Classification 1058 Homologous SeriesIllustration from the Alcohols 1059 Collateral SeriesTable of the Derivatives of Alcohol	326

Other Polyatomic Alcohols 1243 Erythrite	328

Mannite	329

MannidesCompounds of Mannite with Acids 1246 Action of Polybasic Acids on Sugars 1247 Saccharides and Glucosides	334

CHAPTER V	336

Acetic Aldehyd	337

32	339

33	345

PARAGRAPH	346

PARAGRAPH TABLE OF CONTENTS xix	347

Monobasic and Polybasic Acids	354

Double or Mixed Anhydrides	368

34	385

1281	393

PARAGRAPH	404

1302	418

Leucic Acid	427

1316	433

TABLE OF CONTENTS	436

1322	444

PARAGRAPH	452

217	457

1335	460

The Nitriles	466

1345	472

1346	479

BenzonitrileCumonitrile	485

Artificial Production of Organic Bases	496

1399	501

General Arrangement of the Organic Bases	502

AnilidesAnilidated Acids	505

Aniline Colours 1365 Rosaniline 1366 LeucanilineChrysaniline	510

Bases Homologous with Aniline 1368	512

Pyridine and its HomologuesPlatinum Derivatives 1370 PicolineParapicoline	514

b Pyridine Bases Han5N c Quinoline Series EnH2n11N 1372 Quinoline and Bases Homologous with	515

Bases obtained by the Action of Ammonia upon the Derivatives of the Alcohol	516

General Methods of obtaining the Alcohol Bases 1374 Isomeric Bases 1375 Hofmanns Classification of Organic Bases 1376 Methylia Trimethylia Hy...	521

Narcotine and its Derivatives 6 Meconin 7 Narceia	525

1190	533

Alcohol Bases derived from Phosphuretted Hydrogen 1381 Phosphotriethylia Triethylphosphine and its Derivatives 1382 4 Polyatomic Bases 1383 ...	536

1408	572

TheineAmalic AcidNitrotheine Chemical Characters of Coffee and Tea TheobromineCocoa and Chocolate III General Summary of the Alcohol Gro...	573

CHAPTER VII	575

Essences 1410 General Properties of the Essential Oils 1411 A Pure Hydrocarbons 1412 Oil of TurpentineNatural Varieties 1413 Artificial Modificati...	578

Cinchonia 2 Cinchonidine 3 Cinchonicine ib 540	581

122	584

Products of the Oxidation of Oil of Turpentine 1416 Essences Isomeric with Oil of Turpentine xOil of Bergamotte of Lemons of Orange of Neroli of...	587

Essence of Hopsof Valerian Valerol	588

Essence of ThymeThymene ThymolThymoil Thy moilol	589

Table of Nonoxidized Essential Oils	590

1424	591

1432	599

1438	610

Hippuric AcidHippurates	616

1451	623

PARAGRAPH	627

1462	635

Allylic Series Allyl	641

1479	648

Amber	654

PhloridzinPhloretinPhlorizein	662

Yellow Dyes1 Quercitron2 and 3 Old and Young Fustic	669

1507	675

1513	681

PARAGRAPH	686

1519	688

PARAGRAPH	692

Kreasote	707

97	720

1550	722

Phenic or Carbolic AcidPhenyl HydrateAurine	728

1558	731

1564	739

PARAGRAPHI	743

Cyanide of SilverPotassic ArgentoCyanide	746

Nitroprussides MFeCy10N₂03Nitrosulphides of Iron	760

Iridicyanides MIrCyDouble Cyanides	763

Cyanuric Acid	769

Parabanic Acid 1626 Oxaluric Acid	785

Kreatine	787

Hypoxanthine	793

Tyrosine	800

Alloxantin 1628 Dialuric Acid 1629 Hydurilic Acid 1630 Violuric Acid	805

GlycolurilGlycoluric Hydantoic Acid 1643 Cystic Oxide 1644 Kynurenic Acid PAGE	806

Alloxan	808

218	824

CHAPTER XI	825

Albuminoid PrinciplesGelatin 1646 Products of the Oxidation of the Albuminoid and Gelatige nous Groups 1647 I Albuminoid Group	827

Properties and Composition of the Albuminoid Compounds	828

Proteinits Derivatives 1650 Albumin	832

Effect of Bases on Albumin	835

Sources of AlbuminParalbumin	837

Globulin	838

Fibrin	839

Varieties of Fibrin	840

Casein	841

Action of Bases and Salts on Casein 1659 Legumin	844

II Gelatigenous Substances	845

GelatinOssein 1662 Chondrin 1663 Preparation of Glue and Size	847

Preparation of Leather	849

1665	851

1666	854

1667	855

Processes of Tanning and Currying 2 Preparation of Morocco Leathers 3 TawingPreparation of Gloveleather 4 ShamoyingPreparation of Washleathe...	856

98	859

Horny Matter Hair Feathers Silk Sponge 1672 Chitin Skeleton of Insects	861

CartilageFibrous and Elastic Tissues 1674 Muscular TissueJuice of Flesh 1675 1676	863

856903 1856 857 859 961 862	864

A Plastic Nutrient Liquids 867 Inosic AcidInosates Inosin Musclesugar Chemical Effects of Cooking upon Food 1678 Components of the Brain and ...	867

The Bloodits general Character and Properties Composition of the Blood 1681	869

1682	871

1683	873

Hæmatoglobulin 1685 2 The Chyle	875

Lymph	876

B Liquids concerned in Digestion 1688 1 The Saliva	878

The Gastric Juice	879

The Pancreatic Fluid Glycocholic AcidCrystallized Bile	881

The Bile	882

1693	883

Cholic AcidCholates 885 1695	885

Choloidic AcidDyslysinCholoidanic Acid Taurocholic or Choleic Acid 886	886

Hyocholic Acid	887

Taurin	888

CholesterilinCholesteric Acid 1701 Lithofellic AcidBiliary Calculi	890

Table of Bile Products 1703	891

The Urine	893

Urinary Sediments and Calculi	897

Diabetic Urine	900

Albuminous Urine 1709 2 Cutaneous Excretions 1710 3 Solid ExcrementsExcretinExcretolic Acid 1711 4 Pus CHAPTER XIII	901

On the Nutrition of Plants and Animals I On the Nutrition of Vegetables 1713 Mineral Constituents of the Food of Plants 1714 Varieties of Soil	904

Process of Digestion	925

Nutrition and Disintegration 1722 Respiration 1 921	928

Proportion of Carbonic Anhydride exhaled during Respiration	931

99	935

Animal Heat	937

Demand for Food varies with Temperature	939

Origin of Muscular Power	942

Secretion	946

PARAGRAPH PAGE	947

Atomic Volume of Solids I Simple Bodies	956

102	959

103	965

542	967

XV	968

106	969

Discussion of Kopps Conclusions	970

445	973

222	975

300	976

302	979

109	981

757	984

128	985

ib T43	986

ib 310	987

Drinkwaters Table of the Quantity of Absolute Alcohol in Dilute	988

603	991

888	992

III	993

828	994

Ethers	996

113	997

1326	998

838	999

839	1000

841	1002

The Alcohols	1003

844	1004

942	1005

vatives	1006

946	1008

170	1013

1760

CHAPTER XIV

172

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Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, Parte 3
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Termos e frases comuns

₂H acetic acid action alcohol radicles aldehyd alkalies ammonia ammonium amyl anhydrous aniline atoms of hydrogen atoms of water bases becomes benzoic benzoic acid benzoyl bodies Boiling pt bromide butyric calcic cane sugar carbonic anhydride caustic potash cellulin chloride colour colourless combination composition compound ethers contain converted corresponding crystalline crystals decomposed decomposition dibasic dilute displaced dissolved distillation ethyl fats fermentation formation formed formic acid formula furnishes Fusing glycerin glycol H₂ H₂O heated hydrated hydride hydrocarbon hydrochloric acid hydrogen insoluble iodide isomeric kakodyl liquid malic acid mannite metallic mixed mixture molecule monobasic neutral nitric acid nitrogen number of atoms obtained odour olefiant gas organic oxalic acid oxide oxygen portion potassium precipitate produced Propionic radicle reaction salts silver sodic sodium soluble in alcohol soluble in water sparingly soluble starch stearic substance sulphate sulphuric acid tartaric acid temperature tetryl tube valeric vapour volatile whilst yeast yields Ꮋ Ꮎ ᎻᎾ

Informações bibliográficas

Título	Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, Parte 3 Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, William Allen Miller
Autor	William Allen Miller
Edição	3
Editora	Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1867
Original de	Universidade de Colúmbia
Digitalizado	24 abr. 2017

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