cafion, he entered into the troops of Spain; and afterwards paffing into Ruffia, he obtained a confiderable command, and performed many fignal fervices in their wars with Turky and Sweden; and ferved them alfo in a peace by feveral embaflies. But finding the honours of that country no better than a fplendid fervi tude, and not meeting with thofe rewards which his long and faithful fervices deferved, he left that court for one where merit is better known, and better rewarded; and having been employed, Once the beginning of the war, in a diftinguished command in the King of Pruffia's armies, he fell at laft in a fervice that was worthy of him. The Duke of MARLBOROUGH died in Munster, Oct. 20. 1758 [xx. 554.], of a fever, contracted by the fatigues of the campaign. Never did the nation lofe in one man, a temper more candid and benevolent, manners more amiable and open, a more primitive integrity, a more warm and feeling heart. He left all the enjoyments which an ample fortune, and a high rank, could beflow, in the public eye; and which every milder virtue, every difpofition to make, and to be made happy, could give in a domeftic life; he Jeft thefe for the fervice of his country; and died for its defence, as he lived for its ornament and happiness. of the whole army, had pointed out, fucceeded Lord George Sackville in the command of the British forces in Germany, in 1759, [xxi. 445-1. A generous and ardent courage, an affability of manners that flowed from no artifice, a manly freedom and openness of foul, a chearful and unreferved converfation, a munifi cence that knew no bounds, fo many qualities of the man and of the foldier, endeared him to the whole army, and rendered English and foreigners, his inferiors, his equals, and his fuperiors in command, unanimous in his favour. [698.] The King of PRUSSIA, and Prince FERDINAND of Brunswick, are certainly in reputation the first generals in Europe, which probably never produced two greater men; though they differ as much in their characters, and in the kind of ta lents they poffels, as they agree in the greatness of their abilities for war. The King of Pruffia, rapid, vehement, impatient, often gives decifive blows; but he often mifles his stroke, and wounds himfelf. Pr. Ferdinand is cool, deliberate, exact, and guarded; He fees every poffible advantage; he takes it at the mo ment, purfues it as far as it will go, but never attempts to push it farther. Nothing in the man disturbs the commandera In him we do not fee a person who is a great foldier; it is the idea of a perfect general; it is a general in the abstract; Ferdinand fuffers his temper to be guided by his bufinefs. He never precipitates matters; he takes them in their order, and their course, and trusts nothing to Fortune.. The King, on the other hand, leads, and even forces circumstances; he does not endeavour to remove, but to overleap obftacles; he puts all to the rifk; and by fuffering Fortune to play her part in his defigns, he acquires a fplendor and eclat in his actions, which mere wisdom could never give them. Pr. Ferdinand is famous for never committing a fault: The King of Pruffia is above all the world in repairing thofe he has committed. Like fome of the great mafters in writing, whenever he makes, or feems to make, a mistake, it is a signal to the observer to prepare for fome great and admirable ftroke of fpirit and conduct. His errors feem to be fpurs to his abilities. He commits an error, he repairs it; he errs again, and again aftonithes, us by his manner of escaping. We should often condemn the commander, but that we are always forced to admire the hero.. Lord Howe was killed in a skirmish near Ticonderoga [xx. 442.], July 8. 1758. This gallant man, from the moment he landed in America, had wisely conformed, and made his regiment conform, to the kind of fervice which the country required. He did not fuffer any ander him to incumber themselves with fuperfluous baggage; he himself fet the example, and fared like a common foldier. The first to encounter danger, to endure hunger, to support fatigue; rigid in his difcipline, but eafy in his manners; his officers and foldiers readily obeyed the comirander, because they loved the man; and now, at the moment when fuch abi lities and fuch an example were the moft wanted, was fatally loft a life, which was long enough for his honour, but not for his country. It adds indeed to the glory of fuch a death, and to the confolation of his country, that we fill poffefs the heir of his titles, his fortunes, and virtues, whilft we tremble to fee the fame virtues pofing themfelves to the fame dangers, The Marquis of GRANBY, whom the pinion of Pr. Ferdinand, and the defires - Col pp.1762% Characters of great men of the present age. Col, ROGER TOWNSHEND was killed, reconnoitring, by a cannon-fhot from Ticonderoga, in July 1759 [xxi. 501.1. The fteady bravery, the promising ge ius, and the agreeable manners of this fficer, caufed his lofs to be confidered as great one. The army compared this melancholy event with the death of Lord Howe; they remembered how much thefe young foldiers refembled each other, both in their virtues, and in the circumstances of their fate: both dear to the troops, and having both loft their lives on an expedition against that place. However glorious was the victory of Quebec [xxi. 546.], and however important in its confequences, it must be admitted that it was very dearly bought. Soldiers may be raised; but the lofs of a genius in war, is a lofs which we know not how to repair. The death of Gen. WOLFE was indeed grievous to his coun⚫ try, but to himself the most happy that can be imagined; and the most to be envied by all those who have a true relifh for military glory. Unindebted to family or connections, unfupported by intrigue or faction, he had accomplished the whole bufinefs of life, at a time when others are only beginning to appear; and at the age of thirty-three, without feeling the weakness of age, or the viciffitude of for. tune, having satisfied his honeft ambition, having completed his character, having fulfilled the expectations of his country, he fell at the head of his conquering troops, and expired in the arms of victory. In the battle of Campen, Oct. 15. 1760 [xxii. 533.], the English nation regretted the loss of one of its most fhining ornaments, in the death of Lord DOWNE, who, whilft his grateful fovereign was deftining him to higher ho. nours, received a mortal wound. He was a perfon of a free and pleasurable life, but of an excellent understanding, amiable manners, and intrepid courage. In the beginning of this war he had a confiderable share in rouling a martial spirit among the young people of rank in England; and having long thewed them by a gallant example how to fight, he at laft, by a melancholy one, fhowed them how to die for their country. The public lamented the death of the brave THUROT [xxii. 103.], who, even whilst he commanded the Marshal Belle ifle privateer, fought lefs for plunder than honour; whofe behaviour was on all occafons-full of generosity; and whose un daunted courage railed him to rank and merited diftinction. His death fecured the glory he always fought; he did not live to be brought a prifoner into Eng land, or to hear in France thofe malignant criticifins, which so often attend unfortunate bravery. Al Gen. AMHERST's difpofitions were made in the most admirable method, and with that regularity of military arrange ment, which makes fo confiderable a part of the character of that able commander, And, without question, his conduct in his laft expedition, by which he obliged Montreal to furrender without a blow and conquered Canada without effufion of blood, deferves every honour, and every recompence a grateful people can bestow [xxii. 481.]. The humanity with which he behaved to the conquered, both French and Indians, though the one had perpetrated, and the other had, at least, connived at the most horrid cruelties on the English prifoners, adds a high lustre to his conqueft. His troops fet not one house on fire; not one habitation was plundered, not one man was killed. None was more diftinguished in this refpect than Sir WILLIAM JOHNSON, He led into Canada an army of 1000 of the fiercest and most cruel favages, which are bred in America, without doing the finalleft damage to the country, or offer. ing the flightest injury to the inhabitants. To effect this, he was obliged to exert the most unwearied endeavours, and the whole of those uncommon talents which gave him fuch power over the minds of all forts of men, being respected by the regular troops, dear to the provincials, almost adored by the Indians, and pof feffed of that genius for acquiring po pularity, and that verfatile difpofition, which we seldom fee united with difinter eftedness and integrity, The great victories, by which he has advanced the intereft of the nation, have done him lefs honour, than his conduct, by which he has fo greatly advanced its character for humanity and moderation. [xxi. 440.] It may, with truth and impartiality, be affirmed, that no man was ever better fitted than Mr PITT, to be the minifter in a great and powerful nation, or better qualified to carry that power and great, nefs to their utmost limits. There was in all his defigus, a magnitude, and even a vaftnefs, which was not easily compre hended by every mind, and which no. thing but fuccess could have made to ap pear pear reasonables: If he was fometimes in land, Col. Hume-Caldwell entered in- Hume-Caldwell, who was mortally wounded in a late one, and died three days afHis power, amit was not acquired, fo terward. This gentleman was a youngneither was it exerciled in an ordinary er brother of Sir James Caldwell, Bt, of mahner. With very little parliamentary Cafle Caldwell, near Inniskillen in Ire(and with lefs court) influence, he swayed both at court and in parliament, with an authority unknown before to the best-fup: ported minifters. He was called to the miniftry by the voice of the people; and, what is more rare, be held it with their approbation; and under him, for the first time, adminiftration and popularity were feen united. Under him G. Britain carried on the most important war in which fhe was ever engaged, alone and unaffifted, with greater fplendor, and with more fuccefs, than he had ever enjoyed at the head of the most powerful alliances. A Jone this ifland feemed to balance the reft of Europe. In the conduct of the war, he never fuffered the enemy to breathe, Ent overwhelmed them with reiterated blows, and kept up the alarm in every quarter. If one of his expeditions was not fo well calculated,, or fo fuccefsfully executed, amends was made by another, and by a third. The fpirit of the nation, once roufed, was not fuffered for a moment to fubfide; and the French, dazzled, as it were, by the multitude and celerity of his enterprifes, feemed to have loft all power of refiftance. In fhort, he revived the military genius of our people; he fupported our allies; he extended our trade; he raised our repu tation; he augmented our dominions; and, on his departure from adminftration, left the nation in no other danger than that which must ever attend exorbi tant power, and the temptation which may be to the invidious exertion of it, Happy had it been for him, for his fovereign, and his country, if a temper lefs aufiere, and difpofition more practicable, more compliant and conciliating, had been joined to his other great virtues The want of these qualities difabled him from acting any otherwife than alone: it prevented our enjoying the joint fruit of the wisdom of many able men, who might mutually forward each other; and finally, which was not the meanest lofs, At deprived us of his own immediate fer vice. [xxiii. 587.] From the London papers, Oct. 9. 1762. THE fallies from the town of Schweidnitz, which has been fo long befieged by the Fruffians, were conducted by Col. "The lofs we have fuftained by fallies, fo frequent, and fo well conducted, is very inconfiderable as to the number of men: but we infinitely regret Col. de Chevalier de Caldwell, who in the laft fally, conducted like all the reft, had the misfortune to receive a wound, of which he died three days afterwards. I have no need to attempt a defcription of what I fuffer by this accident; you well know how great my affliction must be, and how much caufe I have to be amicted, as you well know how greatly I efteemed and loved that worthy and brave officer; who, by an intrepidity natural to him, joined with every other kind of merit, had acquired at once the love of the whole army, and the esteem of the public. To me his memory will be for ever dear; and there is not a corps in the fervice by which his fate will not be unfpeakably regretted. The friendship which fubfifted between you and him, will make your fhare in the public lofs more fenfibly felt; yet I muft beg you to communicate this fatal intelligence to his family, particu Jarly to his brother. I am very forry to fend it them, as I too well know what they must feel by what I feel myself on this occafion. Dated Scheibic, Aug. 27. 1762 LE BARON DE LAUDON Baron An pp.1762. An 085 New L.myddrefs to the Cocoh-Trecinuodos nA bh D-smul fire to feera perfon at the helm, 37 whofe An addrefs to the COCOA TREE. first appearance there would reviven the By a WHIG.! 061/793 [During the prefent political contefts, two pamphlets have appeared, evidently written by nafterly pens. They may be confidered as the ANIFESTORS of the contending parties, and ire therefore inferred in as full a manner as the ature of our work will admit. They will proba bly be fought after here, when the other political writings of the times are foregotten Gent. Mag. The letter to which the following addrefs is an answer, is infested above, p. 576.] GENTLEMEN, I Have read with due attention the manifefto which you have been pleated to publish, and to addrefs to the countrygentlemen. Your capital complaint is, that an oppofition is forming against the measures of government, which you interpret to be a perfonal diflike to minifters, and rather think it a formed defign against his Majesty's independency and preroga. tive. You attribute the whole of the oppofition to three very great names. I muft differ from you in this, as a matter of fact, The prefent oppofition is known to fpread through the whole kingdom, and exifted in the minds of the people before the first of the perfons you hint at retired from bufmefs, before the fecond was banished from c-rt, and before it was fuggefted that the third would only patronife the caufe which has been the fupport of his illuftrious house on the throne. If I apprehend you right, Gentlemen, the doctrine upon which your letter is founded is this, "That the King having a right to appoint his minifters, the people have no right to oppose them." Permit me to extract a different doctrine from Whig principles. We apprehended, that the pretenfion of a minifter to his power fhould be natural, con fiitutional, gently afferted, and generally admitted. An oppofition is forming to the prefent mr, upon no other motive than that he is fuppofed to be defective in each of thefe qualifications. You are fenfible that he has not, till lately, been known to us, and it happens to be a misfortune to his prefent pretenfions, that he is fo radically Scottish, that none of the ancient families of that kingdom can boaft of a more unmixed extrac tion. The prudent and thoughtful part of his countrymen could not, therefore, de VOL. XXIV. old, and almost exploded jealousiest It has in fact revived them. They will she alive and active throughout his admi niftration; and though they may fubfide after that is expired, it willequire fome time to bring back both parts of the united kingdom to that degree of mutual affection to which they were ad vanced at the commencement of the pre fent reign. But the Whigs do not re their oppo. fition upon this; for they have more folid objections to him as a mr. He has no natural interest in South Britain; that is, he has no popularity of character; he is not diftinguished by his zeal for the prevailing and constitutional party-principles, nor recommended by long and acknowledged fervices. An unpopular minister has not the principal thing necessary towards his stability in a free country, the confi. dence of the people. He has not the motives which popular men have to guard the public liberty, and adminifter conflitutional advice to the crown. A known Whig will not flatter the King with more independency and prerogative than he really has; he will fooner chule to retire from court. But fuch a conduct is not expected from a minister, who has no obligation to the people, who has received from them many marks of diflike, and may be fuppofed to value himself upon the firmnefs with which he defpifes the voice of the people. But this is only one objection to the Noble L-d. How has he diftinguished himself by party-principles? Your zealous attachment to him, the prefent revival of Tory maxims, and indeed the whole foundation of his power, will answer the question. You have been wandering about for years in fearch of a minister, under whom you might recover your importance, without giving up the abfurdities of your ancestors. The general decay of your partv reduced you to this vagrant state. You found a difpofition in the Whigs to receive you amicably. But ftill they were Whigs, and gave you no hopes to become. the predominant party. You tried a new expedient, and pretended that the dif tination no longer exifted. The late great minifter received you upon that pretence. To him it was indifferent what you profeffed, as the credit of ferving your, country was all you could then gain. You 4 X have have been now admitted into confidence by a minister, to whole power your notions became fignificant, You gave them vent, when you were thus far advanced. Monarchy was now faid to be independent, which is only another word for unlimited. The power of the King over his people was compared to that of a private gentle man over his family. Filmer did not maintain it more abfolutely, than it has been maintained of late. But Filmer maintained it at a time when great part of the nation knew no better. We are now fo well acquainted with our rights, that we cannot give them up for big-founding words, or flimfy arguments. We honour the King; we both love and honour the present King; but we dislike the m-r, whofe exiftence depends upon Tories, and Tory maxims. If, Gentlemen, you had not all your views gratified under former ministers, it now appears why they kept you at fome diftance. They could not dig up and deftroy the principles upon which the revolution was built. You continued, as you boaft, steady and uniform. If any man was convinced of his error, and left you, you ftigmatized him, as one who had betrayed his party. Were I difpo fed to offend you, I should fay, that pof, fibly he had nothing but treafon to be. tray. But if you, Gentlemen, and your here. ditary doctrines, had been out of the que ftion, yet the Whigs could not fail to diflike the prefent minifter for the founda tion upon which he builds his power. They cannot admit a minifter to be a fervant of the King alone; he is a fervant of the Nation too, for he is accountable to the Nation as well as to the King. Former minifters have confeffed this, by the attention they have paid to the opinion and good-will of the nation; not merely of our reprefentatives in parliament, but of the people of G. Britain in general, who do not ceafe to be a confiderable body, even after they are reprefented. The Whigs are far from difputing the legality of the power that railed the prefent mr to an eminence, which has, in his cafe, very much the appearance of a precipice they only mean to perler vere in affirming and manifefting, that he is not a minifter with their approbation. They might account for it, by declaring very truly, in the moft fair and candid way, that they do not know him. Let him produce his pretenfion, if he has any other, to be at the head of the fubjects of this kingdom, than the favour of the King. As there never was a better king than the prefent, his favour does honour to the man who enjoys it. But the Whigs will not diffemble their fentiments under the best king. It is their birthright to say, that, however honourable fuch a pretenfion may be, they diflike it, when standing by itself; they are jealous of it. It ap pears to them fufficient caufe of jealousy, to fee the favour of the crown the only fupport of him who directs the executive part of government. The adminiftration of a mere favourite, tends in its own na, ture, to reduce the people to abfolute infignificancy; and what may be apprehended from a ftate of abfolute infignificancy in the people, I forbear to ex, plain, Poffibly the m- -r, whom you are de fending to unconstitutionally, may have no defigns, at prefent, againit our liberties. It is common for well-meaning men to be mifled, by the too eager profecution of their views, into meafures which they did not originally approve; and if ever wrong meatures may be apprehended, without injury to the character of a m- -r, it is when the people and he are at variance. This appears to be a much more serious objection to him, than those which have been drawn from his native country, or from his fuppofed inexperience in bufinefs: for this affects us immediately and vitally; we are no longer the great people we have been, if we must acquiefce in the moft unlimited power of a fellow fubject over us, who has no natural intereft among us. It might have become you better, Gentlemen, to have recommended him to your country-friends, by pleading his fer vices, than to triumph in the unconstitu tional aspect of his power. But here you were not a little imbarraffed. You and they were fenfible that his fervices are not of a long date, and by your own confession they are not many. He did not profess to be the sole mr. before Mr. Pitt refigned. The conqueft of Martinique had been planned by that gentleman; and we are very ready to yield to his fucceffor the merit of permitting a fleet to fail, which had been destined and prepared for fo important a fervice by another minifter. (D) Joy brunt og bygd 1. The |