116. to grant unto Lawrence Dundas, of Upleatham Hall, in Cleaveland, in the county of York, Efq; and to his issue-male, and in default of fuch iffue, to Thomas Dundas, Efq; brother to the faid Lawrence Dundas, and his iffue-male, the dignity of a Baronet of Great Britain. 27. to grant unto John Earl of Egmont, in Ireland, and Baron Lovel and Holland, in Somerfetfhire, and Robert Hampden, Efq; the office of Poftmafter-General 17. James Lord Tyrawley, was fworn of bis Majesty's Privy Council. 22. George Duke of Marlborough, Lord Chamberlain of the Household, Hugh Earl of Marchmont, and Hugh Earl of Northumberland, Lord Chamberlain to the Queen, fworn of the Privy Council. 26. Hans Stanley, Efq; fworn of the Privy Council. From other papers, &c. Capt. James Johnstone, of the 66th regiment of foot, Major-Commandant of the 101st regis ment of foot. Capt. William Alderton, late of the r1gth regiment of foot, Major-Commandant of the 102d regiment, in the room of Maj. Wedderburn, preferred. Sir Roderick Mackenzie of Scatwell, Bt, 4 Captain in the 3d regiment of foot-guards. Capt.-Lieut. William Miles, a Captain in the 1ft regiment of foot-guards, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel of foot, in the room of Lt-Col. Manlove, deceased. Enfign Robert Eden, a Lieutenant in the Cold Aream regiment of foot-guards, with the rank of Captain of foot, in the room of Capt. Swißleton, deceased. Lieut. William Brown, of the 42d regiment of foot, who was feverely wounded at Martinico, a Captain in the 82d regiment, or invalids, in the room of Sir James Hamilton, deceased. Capt. Edmund Eyre, of Maj. Nairne's bat talion of Royal mufqueteers, nephew to the Bifhop of Chefter, a Captain in the 45th regiment of foot, Parflow's. Brig-Gen. Burgoyne, Lieutenant ColonelCommandant of the 16th regiment of dragoons, the rank of Colonel of foot in the army. Lt-Col' Jofbua Viscount, Allen, of the 37th regiment; Park Pepper, of the 49th; Francis Maclean, of the 97th; Charles Grey, of the 98th; James Money, of the 86th; and Charles Rainsford, of the Coldftream, regiment of footguards; the rank of Colonels of foot in Portugal only, Capt. Edmund Nugent, of the Royal volunteers, one of the aids-de-camp to the Earl of Albemarle, (who brought the news of the fur Tender of the Havannah), the rank of Lieutenants Colonel of foot in the army. Capt. Paul Ricaute, of the 17th regiment of font, aid-de-camp to Maj-Gen. Monckton, (who brought the account of the reduction of Martinico), and Capt. David Kofs, of the 5th ing, which was faid to have got abroad, has Nov. 11. We hear that the rage of refign fuddenly flopt. Intimation, it is whispered, was given to the foremost of the number who incould not have diétated a refignation of one tended a feceffion, that confcience, or honour, place, that had no connection with public bufi nefs, without dictating a refignation of all; and the more lucrative they were, the more meritothat therefore the refignation of one place would rious would be the relinquishing of them; and which the proffered refignation was prudently be confidered as a refignation of all. Upon retracted with as good argrace as it could be done. has intimated to thofe lords and gentlemen who Nov. 20. It is faid that a great perfonage have lately thrown up their places at court, that he would take particular care they should never, have an opportunity of making a fecond refig nation. Reflections on LIBERTY, civil and religious 625.] Proceedings in the feffion of PARLIAMENT 1 General Loan office proposed 628. RAKE RECLAIMED 631. allert's process for making ZINK 630. INDEN'S process for making mundic 631 and obfervations on medicinal waters 632. Questions concerning the means of fettling in the NEW COLONIES 632. Sentiments of a Frenchman on the PRELIMI NARIES; a paper which was diftributed at the doors of both houses of parliament 633. The MONITOR. Obfervations on the prelimi naries 637 MEDICINE. Nicholl's obfervations concerning the body of K. George II. 640. with a plate. Lobb on the fevers, &c. in adult perfons 643, narrative of the death of M. A. CALAS, and of the trial and execution of John Calas, for the fuppofed murder of his fon 614. The ftory of BANC BANNUS, with remarks,651. A letter to a ftudent of DIVINITY 655. Books, with remarks and extracts, NIW On the domeftic policy proper to be obferved on a peace 657. 1761-2. Of paying off the public debts 649. The refolutions for fupplying deficiencies adcounted for ib. Cafe with refpect to the per petual tax on malt 650. Of the infolvent-bill 651. Of the provision made for the Queen 652. POETRY, A hymn by a penitent 631. Malou's elegy on the death of a lady 661. A fimile, political 662. The new year ode 663. The horse and the olive, by Parnell ib. Delis te Lucia 664. HISTORY 665.--677. Circumftances that contributed to our fucceffes at the Havannah 668. A failor's account of the operations 669. Debates in parliament on the preliminaries 671. The addrelles of both houses on that fubject 672,3. Advertisements concerning the beer-tax 673. 4. Acts passed 674. Thanks ordered by the Commons to feveral officers to A petition to the King, and a memorial to the Earl of Egremont, by the traders to the com quered islands 676, 7. Maritime occurrences 678. LISTS, C. 678-680. A lift of the 680. Changes in the ministry ib. Admiral s Reflections on civil and religious liberty, Quod verum atque decens curo & rogo, et omnis in bec fum. t Hor. T is the right and duty of all men, but more eminently the privilege of Britons, to think for themfelves, and freely to communicate their fenments one to another: nor do we, in this refpect, lie under any other restraint, but that of laws made virtually by our own confent, and decency, the almoft conftant attendant of every generous and liberal mind. Our laws, it is true, are fo very verbofe, and lie difperfed in fo many volumes, or Separate acts, and many of them in their genius fo opposite to one another, from The variety of views which the legislature VOL. XXIV. had in enacting them, and the natural changes and revolutions which have ta ken place in our civil conftitution and res ligious opinions, that they are, and can be in general, but of little fervice in guiding the conduct of individuals. Yet fuch has been in every age, the zeal and ardour of Britons for liberty, and the right of private judgment, that fewer inftances of oppreffion and rigour are to be found among them, even in thofe periods of ignorance and fuperftition which intombed learning and defaced Chriftianity in Europe, than occur in the records of any other people. But with the refurrection of letters in the age of Henry, and establishment of the reformed religion in the reign of Elifabeth, the spirit of liberty became To 4 N ftreng ftrong, and the exercife and exertion of, private judgment to univerfal, that at last our very monarchy grew focial, and the national religion humane. And although inftances perhaps may be produced, even from the time of our reformation from Popery to the glorious revolution under William III. of perfons who have been unjustly and cruelly expofed, under form of law, to difgrace, mu tilation, fines, imprisonment, and fometimes to death itself, for writing in de fence of civil liberty, or affuming the honeft freedom of judging for themielyes in religious matters, and generously imparting their oblervations to the public; yet, thank God, not the leaft fhadow remains for complaint, of the infraction of our private rights, in either of thefe reIpects, from the acceffion of the deliverer to the prefent glorious æra of civil and religious liberty, attended with foreign triumph, and domeftic profperity, under the aufpices of George III. There are three objects which will always deferve the attention, and claim the regard and protection, of every free ftate private fame, the fecurity and honour of government itfelf, and religion. per The happiness of individuals in fociety depends fo much on their good character, that till they have judicially forfeited it, no private perfon fhould be mitted to brand in public the reputation of another for as, by uniting in fociety, we commit our defence to the fcrutiny and direction of the state; fo it becomes the ftate to fhield us against all private violence, and to fecure to us every emo lument arifing from our good behaviour. Now, there is no private violence of a more detrimental nature, than that of being publicly defamed; the authors therefore, and publishers, of libels and fcandal, ought to be carefully fuppreffed, and feverely chaftifed, in every free go vernment. But if it is the duty of government to guard private characters from infult, how much more neceffary is it, that the reputation and dignity of the ftate itfelf be fecured from violence, and defended from contumely! For how can private innocence, or worth, promife to itself any fheiter, or quict, in the bofom of a go. vernment which, either through carelessnefs, or want of spirit, or contempt of the criminals, fuffers royalty to be afper. fed; the adminiflration abufed; its allies, ཞུ་ affronted; its enemies extolled; the countries over which it prefides rent into factions, or fpirited up to mutual rage and antipathy, and its nobility, or moit eminent men, caricatured into ridiculous and opprobrious thapes, for the diversion of the rabble? As to religion, which, ftrictly speaking, arifes not from ftate-policy, but from a higher and nobler fource, the contemplation of revelation, or of nature; the ftate, in governments of a free genius, fufficiently exerts its duty towards it, by giving it free fcope indulging its profeffors, and affording ali due encouragement to the study and practice of it, without permitting any one fect to interrupt, or violate, by indecency or force, the quiet and lecurity of the established church, or of one another; whilft, for their mutual polish and refinement, all are tolerated, not only in their private opinions and devout exercites, but to converfe with one another; and by reafon, wit, good humour, and familiarity, to learn to bear with one another's abfurdities, impertinencies, and frailties, as well as to view, confider, and approve of peculiar excellencies, or good qualities, that may belong to each. Thus a ftate, though entirely void of religious principle, and directed only by policy, fuch as the Roman hierarchy, on many occafions, and not without reafon, hath been juftly deemed, might, were it to act with benevolence to mankind, per mit and protect all religions, with the fame grace, eafe, and order, that from ambitious views, and a selfish defign, it rears and cherishes in feparate communi ties, and with peculiar privileges, the most diftant and unfocial fectaries, under the fingle restriction of abfolute and implicit homage to itself. If a policy, fuch as hath been mention. ed, may, even uninfluenced by religion, as well protect religion as fuperftition, which is the basest kind of it, if indeed it deferve, in any degree, that title; it cannot be doubted but a policy directed by religious principles, may, if reafon and humanity act in concert with it, much more indulge every form of religion. Under government directed by religious principle, I fhall include the Pagan, the Jewish, the Deifical, the Mahometan, and what above all others more tranfcendently deferves that name, the ChriLian. How very tolerating the government was under Dec.1762 Reflections on civil and religious liberty. under the influence of Paganism, appears not only from the number of deities, various in character, and fometimes very oppofite in humour and attributes, to whom they. cordially agreed to teftify their refpect in a diverfity of rites; none finding fuch fault with another's object of worship, or form of ceremony, as to refufe joining in communion, however in private he might revere one, or more, of the Gods, in preference to the reft, or chufe to make ufe rather of one fort of ritual, than of another: but what more fully displays the fociability of Pagan goternment, was the indulgence thewn by t to the Jewish religion, which they nore than once not only tolerated, but retored, after having fubdued that people, who of all others were generally the most verte themfelves to the practice of toleation. The Jewish government was of a very eculiar and mixed kind. Along with be Theocracy, or divine prefence and uperintendency, they were ruled and go verned, fometimes by chieftains, fome times by the priesthood, and fometimes by kings. One thing very remarkable, s, that even whilft the divine prefence n a more eminent way appeared anongst them, in order the more effecually to engage their affections, fuch was he fingular perverlenels of the nation, hat the people in general, and often heir governors, revolted from the worhip of the true God, to other religions, ermitting not only the free exercife of hem, but participating in their rites. yor were they cured of their attachment o idolatry, till they had undergone a ong feries of affliction in a state of cap ivity among idolaters. Then indeed, ven after the divine prefence had in a reat measure withdrawn itself from them, nfomuch that the glory of their fecond emple waned in comparison with that of he first, they began with ftictness to adere to their own rites, and fhew an aborrence to thofe of the Pagans. But it eems to have been the defign of heaven, a conducting the people, rather to opofe idolatry, and preferve among manind the worship of the one God, than to xhibit in the government of them, a plan or human imitation. Of Deiftical government, or that where□ natural religion is held pre-eminent to very other, the Chinese nation, accord g to fome, affords a noble inftance. The Emperor and Mandarines, it feems, without the aliftance or acknowledgment of any writings pretending to a divine original, and aided only by the contemplation of nature, and works of Confucius, who never arrogated any higher character than that of a philofopher, regard no other deity but the God of the Uni erfe. Here, however, all religions are tole-ated, except fuch as are of fo violent a na ture, that they will endure the neighbourhood of no other; or of fo alpiring a temper, as to grafp at civil power. To one or other of these caules, or both in conjunction, we are to aferibe the expulfion from thence of the Popish fuperftition. Of the fociable fpirit of Mahometim, the known protection it gives to wor hippers of all kinds, except the Pagan, is fufficient proof. What alone appears a (tonithing is, how it was po fible for Mahomet to infpire, into fo fierce and tyrannical a government, fo generous a principle. In evidence of Chriftian fociability and goodness, I need only refer to our own government; which, befides protecting religion in every form, makes denizens of almost all it protects, without regard to' country; and to fit them for the highest employments in the ftate, requires no more of them, if otherwife duly qualified, than to acknowledge the state's independency, the fovereign's right, and, in token of their being friends to tolera tion and liberty, occafionally to partici pate of the mysteries of a church, which, by thus kindly embracing every worthipper invested with charity, eminently fhines above all other churches, as the most genuinely Chriftian, and unexceptionably Catholic. [xxiii.192.] go But whatever be the form of government, and whether influenced or uninfu-' enced by religion, there will always, it is likely, be fome particular compofitions, venerated above all others, and held in a manner facred: infomuch that, to speak or write contemptuously of them, or with indecency, will be accounted, by fome, blasphemy; by all, ill miners: and that fort of ill manners, let the vernment be ever fo free, or adminiftra tion mild, will be thought, at fome. times, a proper fubject for legal cenfure. Thus in a hierarchy, or any other go.. vernment uninfluenced by religion,, as that of the Pope, on many occafions, hath been remarked to be, his bulls and decretals will be reckoned of facred autho-. rity. And in governments influenced by 4 N 2 religion, religion, the Pagan will have his Sibyl. A scheme, by which great advantages are fa line oracles; the Jew his Pentateuch ; the Deift his Confucius; the Mahometan his Koran; and the Chriftian the Gospel. Nay, it may happen, where religions have in fuch a manner fucceeded one another, that they have rather enlarged, than changed the original bafis; that many books, though held to be of different obligation and dignity, may yet all of them be esteemed facred. Thus we Chriftians revere the Pentateuch, without putting it in all refpects on a footing with the Gofpel; and a Mahometan venerates the Pentateuch, and Gospel too, yet ftill prefers his Koran. It would feem equitable, where the facred books are of different dignity, that indecent expreffions alluding to thofe of inferior eftimation, fhould not be punish ed with all the feverity that would be due, and even neceffary, had the books of the highest rank and veneration been affaulted and abufed; and that a difrefpect paid to the Pentateuch, under even rude and barbarous expreflions, merits not from Chriftians fo fevere a chaftifement, as the fame affront audaciously offered to the Gofpel. But fhould it ap pear, that an offence of this kind hath not been fo culpable from any artful and delusive form of reason and argument, as from rough and opprobrious expretlions, proceeding from the weakness of age, or prejudices of an ill-informed imagination; although the fentence paffed upon it in this cafe, be not only legal, but highly mild and tender, according to the force and rigour of the laws; ftill fuch a criminal, withered with age, attempting to make no defence, imploring mercy, poor, friendless, and forlorn in life, might appear an object fo far worthy perhaps of further compaffion, as to be exempted, in the last dregs of life, from hard labour *. ----- I am, &c. • These reflections evidently refer to the cafe of Pater Annet, who was convicted, laft Michaelmas term, of being the author of divers blafphemous remarks on the five books of Mofes, and received judgment in the court of King's Bench, to be imprisoned one month in Newgate, and within that time to stand twice on the pilJory, viz. once at Charing-Crofs, and once at the Royal Exchange; then to be fent to Bride well for a year to hard labour, to pay a fine of 6's. 8 d. and give fecurity for his good behaviour during life, himself in a bond of Tool, and the fecurities in 50 1. each. He has fuffered already a month's imprisonment in a gaol, perhaps the worft in the world, among thieves, highway th propofed for the government, as well as bi for the people of G. Britain. THE neceffities of the poor have to often made them the prey of avari cious and ill-defigning perfons; and c ftom, by length of time, feems to have reconciled them, in many inftances, to this oppreffion; which is in none mort glaring, than in the exorbitantTM interef exacted by pawn-brokers. The extortion is not confined to the intereft; for if the goods be not redeemed in a limited time, these oppreflors of the indigent look on the goods pledged as forfeited, though the fum advanced is frequently not mont than a quarter of the value. The number of thefe oppreffors in the cities of London and Weftminster is not less than five hundred, who usually take 72 or 80 per cent. by way of intereft, and often cent. per cent. The most induftrious will at forme times be in want of money; the poor very often: and when this is the cafe, what diftress must ensue to those who are forced to take up money on fuch terms! To remedy fo cruel an oppreffion, it humbly propofed, That there shall be a board eftablifhed, by the government, with a proper fund; which may be called, The General Loan-Office, for lending fæll fums to the poor. And in order to accommodate the most diftant parts of the cities of London and Weftminster, as well as the principal towns throughout the kingdom, a fun cient number of inferior offices may be appointed as appendages, under the di rection of the commiffioner or comniffioners of the General Loan-Office, ta whom the inferior officers fhall weekly deliver in an account, on oath, of the business tranfacted at their respective offices, to be registered in the General Loan. Office. t The great advantages that will accrue to the government, at the same time that men, murderers, &c. where they do every thing in common, so that the place ftinks to a moft intolerable degree; and where it is next to a miracle that a man broken down by 70 yea could exift fo long. It were to be wished, therefore, that his cafe might meet the eye and compaffion of those who have it in their power to r mit the other part of a fentence too much for a feeble old man (who in every other part of his life has in truth a most respectable character) tu fupport. Gent. Møg. |