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uly 1762. Reciprocal declarations of war, Portugal and Spain. 387

oa is, fix veffels of Bonifacio taking two nall armed fhips of the malecontents. The republic has given to the captors e promited reward of 220 crowns.”

The courts of FRANCE and SPAIN on ne fide, and that of PORTUGAL on the ther, have now formally declared war.

The Portuguefe declaration. Hereas, by the reprefentations of the ambassador of Caftile, Don Joph Torrero, in conjunction with Don acob O'Dunne, minister-plenipotentiary f France, and the answers I have given hereto [209, 68], it appears, that one of he projects agreed on between the aforeid powers, in the family-compact, was, difpofe of these kingdoms as if they vere their own, to invade them, to ocupy them, and ufurp them, under the ncompatible pretext of alifting me a ainft enemies, which they fuppofed for uch, that never exifted; and whereas lifferent general officers of his Catholic Majefty have fucceflively, fince the 30th of April laft, fpread various papers through ny dominions, prefcribing laws and fancions to my fubjects, invading, at the ame time, my provinces with an army divided into various bodies, attacking my fortified places, and perpetrating all the aforefaid hoftilities, under pretence of directing them to the advantage and glory of my crown, and of my subjects, and in fuch light even the Catholic King himfelf has represented the cafe to me; and whereas, notwithstanding all thefe contradictory and unheard of motives, an offenfive war has been made against me, contrary to truth and justice, by the aforefaid two monarchs, through mutual confent: I have ordered it to be made known to all my fubjects, that they hold all disturbers or violators of the independent fovereignty of my crown, and all inVaders of my kingdom, as public aggreflors, and declared enemies; that from henceforward, in natural defence, and neceffary retortion, they be treated as aggreffors, and declared enemies, in all and every fenfe; and that to opprefs them in their perfons and effects, all military perfons, and others authorifed by me, make ule of the most executive means, which in thefe cafes are fupported by all laws; and that, in like manner, all faid military, and every other perfon or perfons, of whatever rank, quality, or condition they be, quit all communication and cor

refpondence with the faid enemies, under the penalties decreed against rebels and traitors. I likewife order, that all the fubjects of France and Spain, that refide in this city, or in the kingdoms of Portugal and Algarva, retire within the precife term of fifteen days, to reckon from the day of the publication of this decree, otherwife they shall be treated as enemies, and their effects confifcated; and that in all the wet as well as dry ports of this kingdom, all commerce and communication ceafe with the aforefaid monarchies of France and Spain and all fruits, manufactures, or goods of any kind, of the produce of faid monarchies, be deemed contraband, and the entry, fale, and ule of them be prohibited. Ordered, that this decree be affixed and tranfinitted to every county, that it may come to the knowledge of all my fubjects. I have given orders to the intendant general of the police, to grant paffports to all the aforelaid, who have entered thefe kingdoms, bona fide, on their business, that they be permitted to retire unmolefted.

Palace of Nofla Senhora da Adjuda, 18th of May 1762.

With the rubric of his Majesty.
Published 23d May 1762.
ANTONIO LUIZ DE CORDES.

The Spanish declaration.

NEither my reprefentations, founded in

juftice and utility, nor the fraternal perfuafives with which I accompanied them, have been able to alter the King of

Portugal's blind affection for the Englith. His minifters, engaged by long habit, continue obftinate in their partiality, to the great prejudice of his fubjects; and I have met with nothing but refufals; and been infulted by his injurious preference of the friendship of England to that of Spain and France. I have even received a perfonal affront, by the arrefting of my ambaffador, Don Jofeph Torrero, at Eftremos, who was detained there, in violation of his character, after he had been fuffered to depart from Litbon, and had arrived on the frontier, in virtue of paffports from that court. But, notwith-. ftanding fuch infults were powerful motives for me to keep no longer any meafures with the King of Portugal; nevertheless, adhering to my firit refolution, of not making an offenfive war against the Portuguefe, unlefs forced to it, I deferred giving orders to my general to treat them with the rigours of war: but having

read

read the edict of the King of Portugal of the 18th of last month, in which, reprefenting the upright intentions of the Moft Christian King and myself, he imputes to us a preconcerted defign of invading his dominions; and orders all his vaffals to treat us as enemies, and to break off all correfpondence with us, both by fea and land; and forbids the ufe of all productions coming from our territories, and confifcating the goods of the French and Spaniards, and likewife ordering them to leave Portugal in a fortnight; which term, however ftrait, has been further abridged, and many of my fubjects have been expelled, plundered, and ill-treated, before the expiration of it; and the Marquis de Sarria having found, that the Portuguese, ungrateful to his goodness and moderation, and the exactnels with which they have been paid for every thing they have furnished for my troops, have proceeded fo far as to excite the people and foldiery against my army; so that it would be difhonourable to carry my forbearance any farther: For thefe caufes I have refolved, that from this day my troops fhall treat Portugal as an enemy's country, that the property of the Portu. guefe fhall be confifcated throughout my dominions, that all the Portuguese fhall leave Spain in a fortnight, and that all commerce with them fhall be prohibited for the future. -Madrid, June 15.

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The French declaration.

THE King and the Catholic King being obliged to fupport a war against England, have entered into reciprocal en. gagements, to curb the exceflive ambition of that crown, and the defpotifm which it pretends to ufurp, in every fea, and particularly in the Eaft and Weft Indies, over the trade and navigation of other powers.

Their Majefties judged, that one proper ftep for attaining this end would be, to invite the King of Portugal to enter into their alliance. It was natural to think, that the proposals which were made to that prince on this fubject, in the name of his Majefty, and of his Catholic Majefty, would be readily accepted. This opinion was founded on the confideration of what the Most Faithful King owed to himself, and to his people, who, from the beginning of the prefent century, have groaned under the imperious yoke of the English. Befides, the event hath but too elearly fhewn the neceflity of the juft

measures taken by France and Spain, wit regard to a fufpicious and dangerous ne trality that had all the inconveniencies a a concealed war.

The memorials prefented to the cor of Lisbon on this fubject have been mad public; all Europe hath feen the fol reafons of juftice and conveniency whic were the foundation of their demands the King of Portugal: to thefe were ad ed, on the part of Spain, motives of th most tender friendship and affinity, whic ought to have made the strongest and m falutary impreflion on the mind of Moft Faithful King.

But these powerful and just confidera tions were fo far from determining the prince to unite with his Majesty, and ha Catholic Majefty, that he abfolutely re jected their offers, and chose to facrific their alliance, his own glory, and the good of his people, to his unlimited and blind devotion to the will of England.

Such conduct leaving no doubt concer ing the King of Portugal's true inte tions, the King and the Catholic King could confider him, from that time, only as a direct and perfonal enemy, who, der the artful pretext of a neutrality, which would not be observed, would deliver up his ports to the difpofal of the English, to ferve for fheltering-places for their fhips, and to enable them to hurt France and Spain with more fecurity and with more effect.

Nevertheless, his Majefty and his Ca tholic Majefty thought it their duty ta keep meatures with the Moft Faithful King; and if the Spanish troops have entered Portugal, this invafion, which was become indifpenfably necellary, was ne accompanied with any declaration of war: and the troops have behaved with all the circumfpection that could be required, e ven in a friendly and neutral state.

All this moderation hath been throw away: the King of Portugal hath ju now declared war in form against France and Spain. This unexpected ftep forced the Catholic King to make the like de claration against Portugal; and the King [of France] can no longer defer taking the fame refolution.

Independent of the motives which are common to the two monarchs, each hath feparate grievances to alledge against Por tugal, which of themfelves would be fuffi cient to justify the extremity to which their Majefties fee themfelves, with regret, obliged to proceed.

Every

July 1762.

Declaration of war, France against Portugal.

Every one knows the unjust and violent attack made by the English in 1759, on fome of the [French] King's hips under the cannon of the Portuguese forts at Lagos [xxi. 486.]. His Majefty demanded of the Moft Faithful King, to procure him reftitution of thofe fhips; but that prince's minifters, in contempt of what was due to the rules of justice, the laws of the fea, the fovereignty and territory of their master, (all which were indecently violated by the most scandalous infraction of the rights of fovereigns, and of nations), in anfwer to the repeated requifitions of the King's ambaffador on this head, made only vague fpeeches, with an air of indifference that bordered on derifion.

At the fame time, the court of Lisbon, pretending to be ignorant that fovereigns, who hold their rank of their birth only, and the dignity of their crown, can neEver permit, under any pretext, any poten tate to attempt to infringe prerogatives and rights belonging to the antiquity and majefty of their throne, hath pretended to establish, without diftinction, an alter native of precedence between all the ambaffadors and foreign minifters about the King of Portugal. The King, being informed by his ambassador of the notification that had been made to him of this extraordinary and unexampled regulation, fignified in writing to the Moft Faithful King, his juft diffatisfaction; and his Majefly declared, that he would never fuffer any attempt to be made to diminish the right effentially inherent in the reprefentative character with which he is pleafed to honour his ambaffadors and minifters.

However justly the King was authori fed to exprefs, at that time, his difpleafure on account of thefe grievances, and feveral other fubjects of complaint which he had received from the court of Portugal, his Majefty contented himfelf with recalling his ambailador, and continued to keep up a correfpondence with the Moft Faithful King, which he very fincerely defired to render more intimate and more lafting.

That prince, therefore, can only blame himfelf for the calamities of a war, which he ought, on every account, to have avoided, and which he hath been the first to declare.

His offers to obferve an exact neutrality might have been liftened to by the King and the Catholic King, if past expe

VOL. XXIV.

389 rience had not taught them to guard against the illufion and danger of fuch propofals.

In the beginning of the prefent century, the court of Litbon was very forward to acknowledge King Philip V. of glorious memory, and contracted formal engagements with France and Spain: Peter II. who at that time filled the throne of Portugal, seemed to enter cordially into the alliance of the two crowns: but after diffembling his fecret intentions for three years, he broke all his promiles, and the neutrality which he had afterwards folicited, and which, in a letter to the republic of the United Provinces, he had even advised her to embrace, and joined the enemies of France and Spain. The fame confidence, and the fame fecurity, on the part of the two crowns, in the prefent ftate of things, would undoubtedly have been followed by the like defection in the court of Lisbon.

United to the Catholic King by indiffoluble fentiments of tender friendship and common interefts, the King hopes, that their united efforts will be favoured by the God of hofts, and will in the end compel the King of Portugal to conduct himfelf on principles more conformable to found policy, the good of his people, and the ties of blood which unite him to his Majefty and his Catholic Majesty.

The King commands and injoins all his fubjects, vaflals, and fervants, to fall upon the fubjects of the King of Portugal : and expressly prohibits them from having any communication, commerce, or intelligence with them, on pain of death; and accordingly his Majefty hath, from this date, revoked, and hereby revokes, all licences, paffports, fafeguards, and fafeconducts, contrary to thefe presents, that may have been granted by him, or his lieutenant-generals, and other officers; declaring them null and void, and of no effect; and forbidding all perfons to pay any regard thereto. And whereas, in contempt of the 15th article of the treaty of peace between France and Portugal, figned at Utrecht, April 11. 1713, (and by which it is exprefsly ftipulated, "That in cafe of a rupture between the two crowns, the space of fix months after the faid rupture fhall be granted their fubjeas refpectively, to fell or remove their effeds, and withdraw their perfons, if they think fit), the King of Portugal hath just now ordered, that all the French who are in his kingdom fhould leave it in the space of fifteen days, and that their ef3 F

fects,

fects should be confiscated and sequestrated; his Majefty, by way of juft reprisals, commands, that all the Portuguese in his dominions fhall, in like manner, leave them within the space of fifteen days from the date hereof, and that all their effects fhall be confifcated.-Verfailles, June 20. 1762.

The operations of the Spaniards in Portugal go on very flowly. We are in formed by the London gazette, that they had put a strong garrifon into Chaves; that they had abandoned Moncorvo; that. they were deftroying the fortifications of Miranda and Braganza; that they found it difficult to fubft their troops; and that the vanguard of their army, intended to befiege Almeida, was arrived within a finall diftance of that place. There does not appear reafon to fay much with refpect to the courage of either our allies or enemies in that quarter. It has for fome time been the feafon almost quite unfit for action there, on account of heat. Letters from Spain by the way of Paris intimate, that the Catholic King was fo provoked at the cruelty of the Portu guefe, who, it is pretended, not content with cutting off the noles, ears, and other parts of the Spaniards whom they had made prifoners, had hacked to pieces two young officers of the beft families in Spain; that Portugal had reafon to expect the whole weight of the Spanish monarch's relentment That accordingly 300 Portuguese pealants having, contrary to the laws of war, taken up arms, 300 Spanifh huflars fell upon them, put them all to the fword, pillaged their houfes, and flew their wives in cold blood; and that the enmity and animofity between the two nations was rifen to the greatest height.

A letter from Paris fays, that the cruelties which are mutually exercised by the Spaniards and Portuguese are without example, even among favages; that the inhabitants of five or fix Portuguefe willages having aflembled together, the Spaniards put them all to death, with their wives and children, and afterwards fet fire to their houles; and that near 5000 lives were lost on this occafion.

Befides the British fleet commanded by Adin. Saunders in the ftraits of Gibraltar, there was, according to late accounts, an

other, under Adm. Hawke, and the Duke of York, off Cape Finisterre. A fhip of that fleet, having been ordered to look into the Spanish port of Ferrol, found means to obtain information, that there

were in it nine fhips of 70 guns, one of 60, and one of 30.

As to PLANTATION affairs, the Brit admiral Sir George Pocock, with a fleet of men of war and transports, failed, the 6th of May, from Martinico, lately taken from the French, for the Havanna, whic is the strongest and most important place belonging to the Spaniards in the great ifland of Cuba. An exprefs arrived at the British admiralty the 28th of June, with advice, that Sir George and all the flee It has been affirmed, that he had abo were well off that ifland the 26th of Mas 16,000 land-forces, having been joine There was then a very confiderable Sp by about 4000 from North America nifh fleet in the port of the Havanna.

The London gazette, of July 24. ga us the following account, faid to be ti "fubftance of advices received by fhip ping, the 17th and 19th of this month. at the islands of Scilly and Guernsey, from June, four French men of war, and a "On the 24th Newfoundland.". bomb-ketch, entered the bay of Bu, and landed fome troops; which, after feizing upon the fmall fettlement in the bay, marched directly for St John's; & which the French general took poffeffi on the 27th, by capitulation with the garrifon. The terms of which were, The the inhabitants fhould be prifoners during the war, and fecure in their poffelhors and effects. His Majefty's floop Gramont and feveral other vefels, were taken by the enemy in the harbour of St John's." India company have received advice, of We are informed, that the Dutch Ea their affairs in the island of Ceylon being restored to their former footing.

ENGLAN D.

A royal proclamation, dated May 28. was published in the London gazette June 5. declaring the King's pleasure for further continuing, in the offices ther held at the late King's death, for fo months from the date of the proclams tion, all officers in G. Britain, Ireland, and the ifles of Jerfey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, not already reinoved e tion of the kind. [107.] difcharged. This is the fixth proclama

Another royal proclamation is publishbution of prizes taken, and the bounty ed, dated July 26. appointing the distri for taking or deftroying fhips of war or privateers of the enemy, from the time of the declaration of war against Spain:

which

July 1762.

Affairs in England.

which is the fame, mutatis mutandis, with
the proclamation for the like purpose on
the breaking out of the war with France
[xviii. 334.]. The bounty for ta-
king or destroying fhips of war or priva-
teers of the enemy, is 5 l. for every man
on board fuch war-fhip or privateer at the
beginning of the engagement, to be paid
by the treasurer of the navy, to the offi-
cers, feamen, marines, foldiers, or o-
thers, actually on board the British fhips
of war or privateers refpectively at the
taking or destroying such ships of the e-
nemy.
The neat produce of all
prizes taken from the enemy, and the
bounty-money for taking or deftroying e-
nemy's hips, to be divided among the
owners, officers, and feamen, of our pri-
vateers, according to the written agree-
ments entered into by them for that pur-
pofe; and among the officers and feamen
of our men of war actually on board at
the taking or destroying enemy's hips,
in the following proportions, established
by this proclamation, viz.- To the
captain or captains, three eighths; the
flag officer or officers, if any fuch be on
board, or directing or affifting in the cap-
ture, to have one of these three eighths.

To the captains of marines and landforces, fea-lieutenants and master, equally, one eighth.-To the lieutenants and quartermaster of marines, and lieutenants, enfigns and quartermaster of land-forces, boatswain, gunner, purfer, carpenter, mafter's mate, chirurgeon, pilot, and chaplain, equally, one eighth. -To the midfhipmen, fecretary to flagofficers, captain's clerk, mafter-failmaker, carpenter's mates, boatswain's mates, gunner's mates, mafter at arms, corporals, yeomen of the fheets, coxfwain, quartermasters, quartermasters mates, chirurgeon's mates, yeomen of the powderroom, and ferjeants of marines or landforces, equally, one eighth.-To the trumpeters, quarter-gunners, carpenter's crew, fteward, cook, armourer, fteward's mate, cook's mate, gunfinith, cooper, fwabber, ordinary trumpeter, barber, able feamen, ordinary feamen, and marine or other foldiers, and all other perfons doing duty or aflifting, equally, two eighths. The fhares of officers abfent to be caft into the shares of this laft clafs; that is, added to their two eighths. The eighth belonging to the flag officers, to be divided as directed by this and the former proclamation. [xviii. 335.].

The French give bounty-money, as well for the guns as men on board enemy's

391

fhips, whether merchantmen, privateers, or men of war, taken by their war-thips or privateers. [xviii. 336.]

On the 23d of June the Duke of York went on board the Princess Amelia, Lord Howe, at Spithead; as did Sir Edward Hawke on board the Royal George. Next day the fleet failed; of which, with fome fhips that joined it off Plymouth, the following is given as a list. Guns. Ships. 100 Royal George,

80 Princess Amelia,

90 Prince,
90 Ocean,
74 Magnanime,
70 Prince of Orange,
66 Lancaster,
64 Naflau,
64 Eflex,
60 Achilles,

Commanders.
Sir Edw. Hawke,
Capt Bennet,
Duke of York,
LdVilc.Howe,capt.
Capt. Peyton.
Capt. Langdon.

Capt. Saxton.

Capt. Ferguson.

Capt. Sayer. Capt. Schomberg. Capt. Barrington, 40 Launceston, 32 Æolus, 28 Tartar. The Lords of the Admiralty recommended and appointed, July 1. at the request of the King of Portugal, Capt Bremer, Lee, Pafchal, and Norwood, to be officers in the Portuguese navy.

In pursuance of an order for that pur pofe, the merchants trading to Oporto, waited on the Lords of the Admiralty, June 28. and were told that their Lordfhips were pleased to grant them 8000 tuns of fhipping to bring home their effects from Portugal; an inftance of their Lordships great care of the trading interreft of this nation.

The harbour of Rye in Suffex was opened, July 14. purluant to act of parliament, by letting the fea and tides into the new cut up to Wincheliea wall. Many hundred veffels of 300 tuns burden and upwards, can ride here with the greatest safety.

For the importation of oats [219.], the port of Newcastle was opened on the 14th of July, and that of Liverpool about a week after.

A letter from a nabob in the Eaft Indies, inclofed in a gold box about ten inches long, curioufly wrought, brought by one of our Eaft-India fhips, was prefented to the King June 30.; and Major Martin Yorke, lately arrived from the East Indies in the Plafiey, Capt. Ward, has brought over a mott magnificent palankeen, made of crimton velvet, richly em.. broidered with gold, given him by the nabob, to be prefented to his Majeftv. 3 F 2

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