on all our property, whether moveable or immoveable; it even enables poor people of capacity and integrity to carry on manufactures and trade, greatly to their own advantage, and that of the fociety, much oftener, and more readily, than specie could poffibly be procured for them. 5. This credit increafes industry immenfely; and as the lenders are cautious whom they trust, few, comparatively fpeaking, make a bad ufe of it. 6. An addition of money or credit, which are the fame thing, in a country, if it be gradual, and employed for extend ing industry within the country, can only have good effects,- -the effects of induftry. But if, inftead of promoting induftry, this money be employed to purchafe foreign commodities, and leffen our own induftry, (as has been long the cafe in Spain), it is prejudicial to our country, though advantageous to thefe other countries we deal with. And if the addition of money be great and fudden, it will have the bad effect of raifing the price of labour; and, in promoting fome branches, prejudice others: whereas, if the increate of money was gradual, the effect would rather be a gradual increase of induttry and hands.- If the Spaniards had got their gold from America in lefs quantities, more gradually, and with more difliculty, it would have been beneficial to them, by promoting their own induftry, and confe. quently their happiness: but they had it fo eafily, and in fuch quantities, that it enabled them to employ others, and be idle themselves; and the indolent habit once given way to, grew upon them to fuch a degree, that they even fhunned the little industry abfolutely neceflary to provide them with as much of the necefiaries and comforts of life as other nations enjoyed, though thefe other nations could not obtain them without much more industry. And thus the Spaniards, who from their own poffeffions, had more gold than any other people, became the pooreft, enjoyed their indolence with poverty, and gave more induftrious nations the real enjoyment of the gold, with its many advantages, when obtained by induftry. And what is ftill more furprifing, the induftrious people of other countries are pofieffed of more money than thele idle Spaniards: fer the laft make little ferve them, as they will not labour for nore; and the incurious people gather it up from all quarters. Paper-credit can feldom be obtained without diffevity, is it is always burthened with the paym of intereft; for none are allowed it the induftrious, who will turn it to m account than common intereft: and he arifes the certain benefit of paper-cre to a country.-The notes too do pafs in other countries, which confi their use to the promoting of inla trade and manufactures. 7. The fudden withdrawing from a co try of a great part of its circulating men whether fpecie or paper-credit, muft h the lamentable effects of breaking number of good induftrious people, w were in a fair way of making rich, a who employed a number of hands un them; must leffen the business of ma others; muft, in fhort, leffen the tr and manufactures of the country, a throw great numbers of its hands fudde ly idle. 8. It is a wife measure to make no ferve all our inland purposes of mone for this one reason, befides many othe That it enables us to employ most of o fpecie in foreign trade, provided th foreign trade be advantageous to t country. 9. If the foreign trade that carries our fpecie be clearly prejudicial to t country, it fhould be difcouraged by t legiflature, and by every private perk who has the means of difcouraging it his power. Though the country fhou fpend on foreign luxuries all its gains, would be wrong to prevent that expenc as that would lessen the industry of th country, it being for thefe luxuries th the people labour fo much; and the a vantages of induftry need not here mentioned. If the country be fpendir more than it gains, (which by the by cannot do long; for if other countri cannot be paid for their commoditie this country and those others must cea dealing together), one way of preventin that evil, and the only proper one in th power of the banks, is, to refuse the credit to all who deal or affift the deale in that difcommendable trade. If th people of Scotland, for instance, take mad inclination, in a South-fea year, t put all that they are worth in the South fea flocks, it would be doing them grea fervice to prevent their ruining them felves, by refufing them the loan of mo ney for that purpose, upon fecurity fo their lands or other properties: or, it ma ny perfons of fubftance in Scotland inclin put meft part of what they are wort March 1762. Regulations proposed for banking. into the present stocks at London, although they should thereby enrich instead of hurting themfelves; yet as the withdrawing of fo much money from the trade and manufactures of this country, in which it was formerly employed, and that faddenly, is upon the whole very prejudcial to the country, it fhould be difcouraged by all our public-fpirited people as Luch as poffible. 10. If the banks give their credit only for the ule of the manufactures and common trade of the country, their profits must be certain; for the greatest part of their notes must be forever out in bufinefs, drawing 5 per cent. to the banks. But no doubt it would be the height of folly in them to borrow specie in England at 5 per cent. (fuppofing it poffible to be got, which is much doubted, if wanted to a great extent), and to pay 1 or 2 per cest. more for bringing it down, and then to lend it at first or second hand to the ftockjobbers at only 5 per cent. to be carried back to England again. It is evidently then the interest of the banks, to refule their credit to stockjobbers, and to thofe who will not forbear to allift them. 11. But if the banks of Scotland with draw their cash-accounts, directly or indirectly, from the common inanufacturers and traders, or refufe to give cash-aecounts to all fuch dealers, who offer them good fecurity; they will ruin themselves as banks, and diftrefs and hurt this country very much. And it will be well for Scotland, that a rival bank be set up by some landed gentlemen and merchants, as is propoled in the Confiderations. [94.] 12. The only difficulty the banks have in continuing, or even in further extending their credit, for our inland trade and manufactures, or that a rival bank would Lave to begin with, is the providing themfelves at prefent, when fpecie is fearce, with that proportion of it neceffry for answering the demand that will always arife upon them for fpecie to be carried out of the kingdom, and for the aking of payments under twenty fhillings. 13. To obviate which difficulty, the banks, as before mentioned, fhould be at pains to look after the flockjobbers in this country, and their afliftants, and retufe them their credit; this the managers of the banks can eafily do, if they think fit: All their notes for the future May be made payable on demand, or, in 135 the option of the banks, in fix months. with intereft: Ten and five fhilling notes may be iffued: Aud, if likewife neceffary, fix-penny, three-penny, and penny pieces may be caft off on brass, or thick white iron, fhaped and fized like the national coin, and having a curious device upon them, difficult to be imitated. Let the banks who iffue thefe, publicly engage themselves for their proposed value; and, in this narrow country, it will fcarce be poffible for any forger of them to pass, even for a little time, undetected. Edinburgh, April 7. 1761. D. A. To the author of the SCOTS MAGAZINE. SIR, Perthfire, March 1762. MY political knowledge is not fo extenfive as to determine, whether paper-currency be beneficial or prejudicial to a country; or, fuppofing it in any wife beneficial, how far it should prudently be extended: but I think it evident, that care fhould be taken to prevent poor people's fuffering, by becoming (often not of choice) poffeffors of bank-notes; and that, according to the prefent practice, two or three felfifh men might amafs large fums, and perhaps retire to a foreign country, to riot on the spoils of ruined industry and frugality; especially as bankers have the boldness to circulate notes not payable, if they fhall so please, till fix months after they fhail have stopt payment [xviii. 365.]; and, fo far as I know, they may, instead of six months, make the term leven years. I am told that the danger of this trade, unreftrained, was fpoke of on our fupreme bench of juftice: fure it would be praife-worthy in that learned body, to apply to have fuch laws enacted, as they, from their great knowledge and experience, find to be neceffary for the good of the country. Mean while you fhould faithfully serve your country, in throwing all the light you can on this intricate and interesting object, by inferting the various, and often oppofite, opinions, you fee published, or that fhall be communicated to you, upon it. I fhall take the liberty to fuggeft a hint which may poffibly be fo improved as to be rendered ufeful, or may perhaps lead to fomething better. Let an act of parliament be paffed to the following purport: That no perfon or company, in Scotland, fhall prefume to flue notes to pass in currency, until they fhall fhall have previously obtained the autho rity of the court of feflion: That in or. der to intitle them to this authority, they fhall make application to the court, praying leave to fet up a trade of banking; and in that view fpecifying certain lands in the country, or houfes in towns, to be burdened by heritable fecurities, preferable to all others, for the due payment of the notes propofed to be iffued [xxiii. 614.]: That on proof of the value of the fubjects fo to be burdened, and of their being free from incumbrances, a warrant be iffued by the court, ordaining or impowering the commiflioners of the ftamp-duties, to furnish this company with paper properly stamped, diftinguifhing by different ftamps the paper on which notes of the feveral denominations or values which the company propose to iffue, are to be printed; the whole paper, when made into notes, not to exceed a fum certain, to be alcertained by the court, and proportionated to the value of the fubjects to be burdened; the company to pay fuch a ftamp-duty as the legislature fhall think juft to impose; and the duty to be doubled upon paper on which notes not payable on deinand are to be printed; (for why fhould banking companies be exeemed from taxes more than their fellow-fubjects?): and, That the names of each of the perfons who have the management of every fuch company fhall, every year, immediately after their election, be authentically published, in fome news-paper or magazine, and perfonal as well as other diligence be made competent against them, conjunctly and feverally, in the fame manner as against private perfons, on failure of pay. ment of any of their notes. Unauthorised banking might be effectually stopped, by a claufe in the act, making all current notes of fuch perfons or companies to bear legal intereft from their dates. I cannot help obferving, that according to the prefent practice, private banking companies are upon a better footing than thofe eftablished by parliamentary authority: for the latter are restrained from dealing in any other traffick, and individuals are confined to certain proportions of flock, which they must not fall below nor exceed; whereas the former are under no restraint whatever: fo that it would feem our forefathers were fo foolish as apply to parliament for no other purpose than to fetter themselves! I am, &c. E. R, To the author of the SCOTS MAGAZI SIR, MAking ourselves masters of the Eng tongue [xxiii. 440.] is certainly v proper: but we ought not to carry compliance too far. As the Romans w not above importing what they found luable, even from conquered province fo the English may find a great many preflions in our language more fignifica than any in their own. Thefe we tho retain, and they naturalize. We ha alfo in perfection the fine foft found the vowel u, when liquified with ar after it. It feems to answer to the Gre (though the moderns have chang it into y); for the Grecians had th which anfwers to the general pronu ciation of our u. The French have a the foft u, but the English want it al gether. A word which is now in eve body's mouth will ferve as an example; Bute. It is neither Bewt, nor Boot; b the found of the # foftened and lengthe ed a little, as if we faid Buut.-But t English muft learn by the ear, and ought conftantly to retain the pronunci tion, even in London. Our y was formerly crooked like z; and continued fo till within an hu dred years and lefs. Barn-zaird, Za &c. for Yaird, and Yair, &c.—T gentleman who killed one of the Spence in King Edward's days was rewarded wi the lands of Cadzou, which is now wri ten as pronounced, Ca-dy-ou.—He got a terwards the hall of the mill town,-cal ed, Ha-mill-ton:-Whence the Duke name and title.-Though the wife of the nation now write y, as they ough the Menziefes, Mackenzies, and even for of the Dalzells and Zuiles; continue t z; and are lofing their names by the folly, the English fpeaking as they fpel pa whereas it should be spelt as pr nounced; Menyes, or Meenyes; Ma kenye, or Mackeenye. Rae is turne into Ray, &c.-Dr Manfie, or Munci physician to the Czar, is laid to be Englishman; whereas he is from Nith dale;—and it is probable Ray's wisdom God in the creation, was written by Scotiman,-&c. &c.—But we have fu fered a greater lofs from our country being furveyed by Englishmen, who, norant of our language, and names places, have given us a map no mort can make fente of:-Our old maps greatly preferable to it. I am, &c. A catalogue of NEW BOOKS, with remarks and extracts, continued. [95.] A fecond effay on the medicinal virtues of of a mistake is preferable to that of a hemlock. By Dr Anthony Storck, aulic falfehood. The trials, therefore, made counsellor and one of the principal phyficians to the Emprefs-Queen. Together with corollaries and cautions. Tranfla. ted from the original Latin, by a phyfi cian. 8. 2s. Becket. IN a former number [xxii. 464.] we gave fome account of Dr Storck's medicinal experiments on hemlock, at which time we entertained no fufpicion of the learned writer's candour, efpecially as his cafes were authenticated by the teftimony of the celebrated Baron Van Swieten, whole extraordinary abilities and character reflect honour on the profeflion. Dr Andree, one of the phyficians to the London hofpital, has fince publifhed a treatife, calculated to deftroy the reputation of the cicuta, invalidate the clearest evidence exhibited by the ingenious German, and, indeed, to raife fcruples refpecting the integrity of that gentleman, only because he omitted to fpecify the names and places of abode of his patients. The preparations of hemlock did not fucceed in the hands of Dr Andree; Dr Storck hath concealed the names of his patients; therefore Dr Storck afcribes virtues to this plant which he never experienced: A method of reafoning which we could wish to fee more deeply tinctured with logic, and with liberality. Would not the following fyllogian be, in all respects, as conclufive against Dr Andree's veracity? The Doctor alledges, that he made experiments on the hemlock in the London hofpital, without difcovering any medicinal virtues; the hofpi tal was, at this time, frequented by other phyficians, his colleagues; but the Doctor has omitted to corroborate his affertions by their teftimony; therefore it is doubtful whether the Doctor made any experiments in the hofpital. By inferting another term, we could make the fyllogifm more conclufive; but delicacy forbids that we fhould hefitate giving our aflent to what a gentleman of a liberal profeflion aflerts, unless it be contradictory to reafon and univerfal experience. We had rather question, whether the Doctor hath not been mistaken in his choice of the plant [xxiii. 244.], in his manner of preparing it, or adminiftering it, or in the felection of fubjects for his experiments; for, furely, the imputation VOL. XXIV. by Dr Andree, are infufficient, we apprehend, to weigh against the teftimony of the Baron Van Swieten, and Dr Storck; efpecially as the opinions of thefe gentlemen are farther corroborated by thirty feven fair cafes, now communicated by Dr Storck; one cafe, by Dr Armis, physician in Trent; three cafes, by Dr Baader, profeflor of phy fic at Friburg; one cafe, by Dr Martin Vander Belen, first profeffor of phyfic in the university of Louvain; one cafe, and an attestation, that he has cured inveterate schirrufes in different parts of the body, by Dr Kolman, phyfician to the Imperial army; a variety of cafes, attefted by Dr Crampagna, counsellor and first phyfician to Prince Charles of Lorrain; one of thefe cafes confirmed by Dr Mandeliar, likewife counsellor and phyfician to the fame prince; one cafe, by Mr Cambon, counfellor and furgeon to the above prince; two cafes, by Dr Kailin, physician in Liege, one of which was a fiftula in ano; a cancerous cafe by Dr Gleifer, a celebrated Greek phyfician; a cafe by Mr Koller, an eminent furgeon in Bohemia, which we fhall quote, as extremely curious. "A woman of fix and thirty perceived, about a year ago, a lump on her lower lip, about the bigness of a lentil. This lump gradually increased; and when it came to the fize of a filberd, the menfes ceafed, the skin about the fwelling broke, and a fharp humour was continually discharged from it. Various external remedies were applied; but things, notwithstanding, grew worfe and worle every day. This patient was brought to me in the month of November 1760. I found the ulcer cancerous and filthy; the orbicular muscle of the lower lip, even to the middle of the fquare mufcle of the chin, was eaten away by the cancerous exul be great, which, from the neceffary motion of the neighbouring mufcles, could never afterwards be healed; or, if even closed, a most disagreeable hollow should ftill appear, which it would be impossible ever to repair. I therefore omitted the operation, and prescribed the hemlock in the following manner: From the beginning I administered every day thirty-two grains of the extract diluted in a mixture. And though I obferved, that in the first eight days the pains were much abated, I continued, however, the fame quantity of hemlock for a month. Outwardly I applied fome lint fteeped in the following liquid: Take, of the extract of hemlock, two drams. Diffolve them in a pound of limewater of the first infufion. I dreffed the ulcer in this manner as often as I found the lint was penetrated by the sharp ferum which proceeded from the cancerous ulcer. In the beginning it was neceffary to drefs the wound feveral times in the fame night. This external remedy I applied during the whole treatment; with this difference only, that in the last month, when I faw the flesh had grown, and the ulcer was almost healed, I decreafed the quantity of the extract diffolved in the lime-water from two to one dram. Before the conclufion of the first month, things were already in a much better ftate: the difcharge of fpittle, which had been hitherto fo copious and fo conftant, was ended; the fanious matter was changed to pus of the best kind; every callofity by degrees was foftened and difperfed, and found flesh grew up in every part; the patient flept well, had a good ftomach, and, what was of the greatest confequence, the monthly terms returned to her. I then diminished the dofe of the hemlock-extract; and, in the room of thirtytwo grains a-day, I now contented myfelt with giving four and twenty; and this quantity I continued alfo for a month. I administered but twelve grains daily of the extract during the third and laft month of the treatment of this patient, as things were then in the most pleafing fituation; and this proved fufficient to produce a perfect cure. In the course of the treatment, I or dered this patient to be purged five with the following ingredients: Take, of jalap-root, half a dr of cream of tar, ten gra Mix and make a powder for one She was always worked five or fix by the means of this purgative. The woman was extremely poor that it is easy to conjecture the die obferved, which, indeed, confifte whatever the pity of others inclined to bestow upon her. As, on account of the vehement continual pains, the great loss of sp before the ufe of the hemlock, fhe become entirely cachectic and em ted; on the contrary, after being c fhe was fat, firm, lufty, ftrong. And, what was indeed wonderful the parts which had been eaten and fumed by the cancerous ulcer, were tally renewed. The cicatrices near each angle of mouth were fo neat and natural, they could hardly be observed. The lower lip recovered a proper hei and joined itfelf to the upper with utmost eafe; but it was fomewhat narro than in the natural state." Another cafe, which immediately ceeds this, communicated by Dr K furgeon, is still more extraordinary; to these are added a variety of ca transmitted to our author by Dr H noul, Dr Quarin Avenbrugger, Dr ( lin, and feveral physicians and furge of great reputation in Vienna, and ot places; but the following letter to Storck, we think, merits particular gard. Dr Vander Belen writes to hi 66 I can now relate what is of grea confequence than all the reft: I h feen excellent effects from this remedy feveral gouty cafes. Outwardly I have applied the heml boiled in milk; and inwardly I have ven fufficient doses of the extract, dilu in fome mixture. By the means of this plant I have cu many perfons infected with the itc but the cure was always very flow. obferved the fame in rheumatic co plaints. With regard to a beginning catar in both eyes, I have administered t remedy to a country-woman thus affe ed, whom I perfectly cured. But this was the greatest point: Ii creafed the dofe of hemlock even to drams of the extract every twenty-fo hour |