ters, Walking, Riding, Running, Bowling, Boxing, Wrestling, Fencing, Dan cing, &c. (35) GENERAL ETHICS, or MORALITY, comprehend the duties which mankind owe to each other, independently of pofitive inftitutions, or the laws of par. ticular focieties; all comprifed under the golden maxim, of treating others as we would with they fhould treat us were we in their circumftauces. Hence arife the articles Hofpitality, Truth, Juftice, Humanity, &c.; alfo the oppofite vices, Inhofpitality, Pride, Barbarity, Injustice, Fallehood, &c. (36) LAW treats of the positive regulations of fociety, for preferving peace and good order, and the maintenance of juftice It explains the rights and privileges of every member, whether Nobleman or Commoner, Clergyman or Lay nan; and specifies the penalties which the infringers of thofe rights incur. Every ftate has peculiar laws of its own. Thus the Romans had their Civil law, ftill of great account in most nations of Europe; the French, the Salic law, and the arrets of their arbitrary monarch; and, to mention no more, Great Britain is bleff ed with laws enacted by the joint confent of the King, Lords, and Commons. Many are the articles which come under this head; as, Statute, Act, Decree, Charter, Corporation, Clergy, Freehold, Ma. nor, Copyhold, Bill, Bond, Will, Guar dian, Executor, Administrator, Leafe, Dewife, Livery, Indictment, Felony, Trea fon, Judge, Jury, Challenge, Habeas Corpus, Court, Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, Court of Requests, Plea, Trefpafs, Attachment, Capias, &c. (37) GOVERNMENT very properly comes after Law, being only a power lodged in the hands of one or more inagiftrates, to carry the laws into execution. 1. With regard to its different forms, and fupreme magiftrates, we have treated of Aristocracy, Democracy, Oligarchy, Monarchy, Arbitrary, Free, Mixed, Elective, Hereditary, Emperor, King, Conful, Archon, Senate, Sultan, Sophi, Czar, Califf, Cæfar, Dictator, Prince, Protector, &c. 2. Its branches and fubordinate magistrates, whether civil, ecclefiaftical, or military; whence Archbishop, Bishop, Dean, Chancellor, Chief Juftice, Mayor, Alderman, Sheriff, Bailiff, Juftice of Peace, General, Admiral, Colonel, Captain, Army, Navy, Militis, Parliament, Privy Council, Exchequer, Secretaries of State, War-office, Board of Trade and Plantations, Board of Works Poft-office, Commilioners of the Admi ralty, Customs, Ex:ife, stamp-duties, :. (38) COMMERCE we have confidered as one of the most useful and necellary parts of the whole work, and therefore have treated it with more than ordinary fulness. The natural productions, ma nufactures, and various commodities, con cerned in Trade, are here accurately de fcribed; and the marks whereby to diftin guilh the good from the bad, and the ge nuine from the fophifticated, particular ly mentioned: fuch are the Ores of Me tals, Diamonds, and other precious stones Drugs for medicine, painting, or dying Spices, Grains, Salts, Sulphurs, Earths Woods, Fruits, Silk, Cotton, Wool Hair, Cloths, Linen, Stuffs, Hard-ware Glaffes, China and Earthen ware, The reader will likewife find the confti tution and privileges of the feveral Com panies eftablithed in Europe for the car rving on foreign trade; the laws and cu foms among merchants, for the infurin of fhipping and merchandife; the confti tution of the feveral Banks, with an ac count of their bank and current monies as alfo of their Agios, and the method o converting bank money into current mo ney; the ftandards of gold and filver, an the par of foreigns coins with refpect t their intrinsic value; the monies both o coin and account, weights and measure of our own and other countries; th practical part of commerce, relating t Buying, Selling, Freighting, Factorage Cuftoms, Duties, Bounties, Drawbacks Bills of Exchange, &c. and lastly, an ex plication of all the technical terms an phrafes relating to foreign or domefti trade, together with the latest improve ments in the art of book-keeping. (39) ASTRONOMY, as is more full fhewn under its proper article, treats the Univerfe, and particularly our Sola Syftem; explains the causes of the plane tary motions, the times of their revolu tions, their diftances, magnitudes, o together with the various phenomen which thence arife; as, Conjunction, Op pofition, Eclipfe, Aphelium, Perihelium Summer, Winter, &c. The articles be longing to this science, which are indee very numerous, may be claffed under th following head. 1. The bodies them felves; Sun, Moon, Earth, Venus, Mer cury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Satellites Comets, Fixed Stars. 2. Syftems com cerz A general furvey of the Arts and Sciences. cerning them; as, Copernican, Ptole 3. Constellations, maic, Tychonic, &c. or aflemblages of the fixed itars; as, the twelve figns, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, &c. Urfa Major and Minor, Andromeda, Calliopeia, Hercules, Argo, Perfeus, Lyrá, Triangie, Sagitta, Pegalus, &c. 4. Terms and particular branches of this fcience: as, Sphere, Equinoctial, MeriCadian, Horizon, Zenith, Nadir, Azimuth, Vertical, Ecliptic, Zodiac, Alcention, Declination, Longitude, Altitude, Ampli tude, Orbit, Node, Phafes, Parallax, uri Stationary, Retrograde, Preceffion, Ab Verration, Occultation, Penumbra, &c. 5. Inftruments; as Globes, Armillary-Sphere, Planetarium, Orrery, Telescopes, Micrometer, Quadrants, Aftrolabe, &c. the defcription of all which is illuftrated by proper fchemes and figures. (40) GEOGRAPHY is only a branch of on Colmography, which having the defcripCetion of the terraqueous globe of our Earth for its object, may be comprehended un 1. Natural dal der three general heads. Geography, which treats of its figure and natural divifions; whence arife, Earth, Oblate Spheroid, Continent, Peninfula, Ifthmus, Mountain, Promontory, Ifland, Ocean, Sea, Gulf, Lake, River, Straits, &c. 2 Political Geography; which is again fubdivided into Civil and Ecclefiaftical; the former containing a defcription of the political divifions of the earth into Empires, Kingdoms, Principalities, Provinces, &c. whence the articles Germany, China, Muscovy, France, Spain, &c.; and the latter, an account of the ecclcfiaftical divifions of it; as; Patriarchate, Archbifhoprick, Bishoprick, Parifh, &c. 3. The inftruments and technical terms; as, Globe, Map, Equator, Meridian, Pole, 4 Horizon, Longitude, Latitude, Climate, Zone, Amphifcii, Afcii, Perifcii, Antipodes, &c. (41) NATURAL HISTORY Conftitutes a branch of knowledge, on which depends the very life and well-being of mankind: for fo close is our connection with the various productions of Mother Earth, that whilft fome ferve us for food and medi-' cine, and others for drefs and ornament, there are others which fupply our manifold neceflities, fhelter us from the inclemency of the weather, defend us from the hoftile attacks of our enemies, whether of the human or brutal kind, waft over immenfe oceans, and, in fhort, procure us all the conveniencies as well as neceflaries of life. It is from our ac VOL. XXIV. iz The quaintance with this ftudy, that we de 2. (42) ZOOLOGY, or the fcience of Animais, is fubdivided into fix branches: I. Quadrupeds; whence Lion, Elephant, Horie, Camel, Rhinoceros, Ox, Sheep, Bear, Tiger, Bat, Squirrel, &c. Birds; as, Eagle, Hawk, Peacock, Swan, Duck, Dove, Heron, Pelican, Phoenicopterus, Cock, Phealant, Thruth, Lark, &c. 3. Amphibious animals, capable of living in water as well as on land: fuch. are the feveral kinds of Serpents, Snakes, Lizards, Frogs, Tortoiles, &c. 4. Fifhes; whereof fome have the tail parallel to the horizon, as, the Whale-kind, the Dolphin, Porpeffe, Phyfeter, &c.; fome have the rays of their fins cartilaginous," as, the Ray filh. Dog fish, Shark, Stur.. geon. Ifinglais-fith, &c.; others have fins with bony and prickly rays, as, the Pearch, Gurnard, Ruffe, Sea-Bream, &c.; fome again have fins with bony but not prickly rays; fuch are the Sand eels, Turbot, Whiting, Cod, Haddock. Eel, Con ger, Salmon, River Bream, Chult, &c.; and, finally, others have bony fins, but no officles or mall bones in the branchioftege membrane, as the Sun-fifh, Iumpfifh, Tod-fifh, &c. 5. Infects, whereof fome are naked, as, the Worm, Leech Gally-worm, Centipes, Millepes, &c.," others are furnished with one or two pai; of wings, as the Bee, Fly, Beetle, Butr terfly, Locuft, &c. 6. Animalcules, vi fible Waters. As to the medicated Watersy they belong to Pharmacy no.I ha fible only by the alliftance of microscopes, of which they are several kinds. ungd Subordinate to Zoology are feveral arts, which contribute both to profit and plea fure; as, Farriery, Horsemanship, Hunt ing Fowling, Fishing, the management of Cattle, of Filh, of Bees, of Silkworms, of the Kermes and Cochineal infects, vhence arise a multitude of useful articles, cas, Mange, Farcin, Halting, Gelding, Curvet, Volt, Capriole, Ferret ing, Hawking, Net, Hound, Beagle, Angling, Cow, Calf, Mare, Foal, Sheep, Lamb, Hog, Pig, Poultry, Bee, Swarm, Hive, Honey, Silk-warm, Kermes, Co chineal, &c. ≈W(43) BOTANY treats of the claffes, characters, parts, and virtues, of Plants: whence arile many thousands of articles; as, Seed, Flower, Fruit, Root, Trunk, Branch, Wood, Bark, Leaf, Oak, Vine, Sage, Apple, Cherry, Tulip, Violet, Lily Tea, Sugar, Refin, Gum, &c.; the characters, preparations, and various ufes of all which are given under their refpective heads, as has been already mentioned in fpeaking of Pharmacy. (44. 45. 46.) AGRICULTURE, including GARDENING and HUSBANDRY, furnithes a great many useful articles; as, Soil, Manure, Tillage, Fallowing, Plough, Drain, Sowing, Marl, Chalk, Clay, Loam, Sand, Inclofure, Hedge, Ditch, Grain, Granary, Wheat, Barley, Plant ing, Pruning, Grafting, Inoculating, Watering, Hot-bed, Nursery, Greenhoufe, Walk, Terrace, Gravel, Border, Wilderness, Orchard, Kitchen-garden, Amphitheatre, Wall, Espalier, Arbour, Alley, Canal, &c. (47) MINERALOGY treats of all kinds of Foils, whether Stones, Earths, or Metals: hence the articles Mine, Ore, Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, Tin, Lead, Quicksilver, Fluxes, Allaying, Dretling, Refining, &e. alfa Salt, Sulphur, Bitumen, Amber, Arfenic, Antimony, Cinnabar, Vitriol, Bilimuth, Calamine, Brafs, Cobalt, Smalt, Zinc, Nitre, Alum, Armoniac, Precious Stones, Crystals, Flint, Marble, Limestone, Slate, Glimmer, Af beftus, Ochres, Marls, Chalk, Clay, Sand, Earth, Petrifactions, &c. (48) HYDROLOGY is employed in explaining the nature, principles, and ufes of all kinds of Waters; as, Sea water, Vitriolic, waters, Sulphureous waters, Chalybeate-waters, Lime-water, G.; and hence Spring, Bath, Spaw, Bristol, Pyrmont, Scarborougli, Tunbridge, &c. T (49) HYDROSTATICS constitute that, part of Natural History which explains the gravity and preilure of water hence the. articles Fluids, Gravity, Preffure, Specna. fic Gravity, Dentity, Rarity, Æquilibria um, Aræometer, Hydrostatical Balance Diving-Bell, & Under which we have explained the ufe of thefe machinesin Geos metry, Commerce, Mechanics, alfo for finding the fpecific gravity of folia bodies; whereof we have given a table! as ascertained by the best writers on thefe fubjects. (2) (so) HYDRAULICS treat of the motion of water, and the construction of all kinds of inftruments and machines rela ting thereto. We have therefore confil dered this fcience in five different lights, according to the caules which produce this motion. 1. That arising from the natural gravity and preffure of the particles of water, which will be explained under the articles Spring, River, Fountain, Fluids, fet d'eau, &c. 2. That ariling from the preffure of the air on the furface of the refervoir, which will be explained under the heads Siphon, Pump, Archimedes's Screw, Preffure, &c. 3. The motion of fluids produced by the force of condensed air, confidered under Water-engine. That occafioned by the force or preffure of pistons, explained under Forcingpumps. That owing to attraction; whence the articles Tide, Capillary Tubes, Hamaftatics, &c. . (51) NAVIGATION is the art of conducting a ship through the ocean, froma one port to another; by which means a communication is opened between the most distant countries, and the delicacies as well well as the conveniencies of life, brought from the East and West Indies; the manfactures and fuperfluities of one country are carried off, and in exchange are brought home the commodities wanted, either for home confumption, for improving and enlarging their manufactures, or as commercial articles to be exported again. As therefore navigation is the foul of ingenuity, the fpring and support. of industry, and the only honourable means of enriching a nation, fo useful a fcience delerves to be explained in the fulleft, and most diftinct manner which has been accordingly done, under the articles Mercator's failing, Plain, failing. Current failing, Middle-latitudes failing, Great-circle failing) Compals, v Chart, Needle, A general forvey of the Needley Variation, Log, Diftance, Dev parture, Longitude, Latitude, Reckon ring, Courfe, Traverie, Obfervation, Qua. drants, Fore ftaff, Back-ftaff. Aftrolabe, Harbour, Port, Sounding, Mooring, Ca reening, Star-board, Lar-board, &c. to gether with the many articles hereafter mentioned under Ship-building. 34(52) AEROLOGY treats of the nature and properties of Air, its Fluidity, Gra vity, Elasticity, Density, Rarefaction, Principles, Atmosphere, Vapour, Exha lation, whence Barometer, Thermometer, Hygrometer, &c.n (53) METEOROLOGY treats of the va rious phænomena obfervable in the atmoSphere; as, Fog, Cloud, Rain, Snow, Hail, Dew, Rainbow, Water spout, Halo, Mock-funs, Thunder, Lightning, Au Fora Borealis, Fiery Meteors, Caftor and Pollux. Will-with-the-wifp, &c. (54) PNEUMATICS are chiefly employed in explaining the force and fpring of the Air, the cause of Winds, Tradewinds, Monfoons, Hurricanes, &c.; alfo the conftruction of Air pumps, Air guns, Diving-bells, Water-bellows, Elipile, Windmills, Rigging and Sails of Ships, together with the doctrine of Sound, Echoes, Ga... Arts and Sciences A ography, Anamorphofis, Redution, Plane, (58) The artificial objects of know ledge are here claffed according to the principal purposes they are intended to ferve; fome being employed about Diet, others about Drels and Equipage, and w thers about Building and Furniture: fome again are fubfervient to Literature, and others employed about Tools, Instruments, and Machines of all kinds. We fhall now take a view of the fubdivifions of this laft branch of particular knowledge. And, firft, of the arts refpecting (59.) DIET, which affords employment for various artifts and tradelinen, as Ba kers, Brewers, Vintners, Cooks, ButchFishmongers, Goers, Poulterers, and hence the articles Baking, Bread, Bifcuiet, Flour, Dough, Oven, Brewing, Ale, Beer, Wine, Cyder, Perry, Mead, Punch, Diftilling, Fermenting, Clarify ing, Bottling, Flefh. Fifh, Beef, Mutton, Poultry, Wild-fowl, Venison, Pork, Bacon, Ham, Cod, Herring, Salmon, Anchovy, Apple, Pear, Peach, Neetatine, Currants, Cherries, Pine-apple, Orange, Melon, &c.; alfo Broth, Soop, Jelly, Pudding, Pye, Cuftard, Sauce, Delert, Tea, Coffee, Chocolate, Sugar, Spices, Milk, Cream, Butter, Whey, Cheese, Marmalade, Burgoo, Ragoo, Fricaffee, and a multitude of other fimilar articles. LS(55) OPTICS, including Catoptrics and Dioptrics, may be confidered as Theoretical or Practical. In the firit of these views ive have explained the nature and propagation of Light, the cause and laws of Reflection and Refraction, the different Refrangibility of the rays of light, the ftructure of the Eye, and the nature of Vifion, the appearance of objects through mediums of different forms, and the caufes of the variety of colours observable in bodies, as alfo of opacity and transparency. With regard to the Practical part, we have given the method of grinding Glaffes, Mirrors, Lenfes, Ge, and constructing the most remarkable Optical inftruments, as Telescope, Microfcope, Came-ing, Printing, Stuff, Camblet, Brocace, sa Obfcura, Magic Lanthorn, Polemofcope. Polyhedron, Scioptic Ball and Socket, Heliostata, Spectacles, Spying glaf·les, Gonusgra T (60) DRESS and EQUIPAGE give rife to fill more numerous trades, the principal of which are mentioned under this branch in our general scheme of knowedge. Hence the articles Cloth, Linen, Silks, Weaving, Fulling, Dying, Bleach, Sattin, Cambric, Lawn, Muslim, Gown, (61) ARCHITECTURE, or the art of (5657) PERSPECTIVE, DRAWING, and PAINTING, are fifter-arts, which by Building, includes a multitude of fu orineans of lines, thade, and colours, ex-dinate arts; as, Mafonty, Carpentry, ibit on a plane the likeness of natural and thole of Bricklayers, Tylers, Slaters, objects, as they appear to the eye at any Glaziers, Smiths, Plattere s, height or diftance, or in any attitude or Architecture, properly fo called, it co fiother circumstances. Some of the articles ders the folidity, Conveniency, Bety, created of under these heads are Scheno- and Proportion of all manner of Haldgraphy, Orthography Ichinography, Stere-ings as, Church, Palace, The A Terms, as found in Vitruvius, Palladio, Daviler, &c. are explained. The differ ent Orders, as, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tufcan, Compolite, &c. are not only defcribed, but illuftrated by copperplates. Hence a variety of useful arti cles; as, Building, Foundation, Wall, Window, Door, Gate, Porch, Column, Pedestal, Bale, Shaft, Entablature, Capital, Corniche, Freeze, Volute, Module, Modillion, Aftragal, Tore, Chimney, Ceiling, Roof, Floor, Wainscot, Stair, Hall, Apartment, Chamber, Cellar, Kitchen, Barn, Stable, &c. (62) FORTIFICATION, or MILITARY ARCHITECTURE, comprehends all manner of buildings and other works erected for the fecurity and defence of a city, town, or other places of strength. Hence the articles Fortrefs, or Fortified Town, Fort, Castle, Citadel, Baftion, Curtin, Rampart, Ditch, or Moat, Counterfcarp, Covered-way, Glacis, Crown-work, Halfmoon, Redoubt, Plat-form, Battery, Mine, Trench, Parallel, Circumvallation, Contravallation, &e. all which are in the order of the alphabet, as are the fyftems of Coehorn, Vauban, Scheifter,&c, under Fortification. (63) SHIP-BUILDING, or NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, treats of the Construction, Rigging, and different parts of Ships of War and Burden, Sloops, Buffes, Galleys, Barges, Boats, &c. Hence the articles Hull, Keel, Stern, Prow, Deck,, Quarter-deck, Fore-castle, Cabin, Maft, Bowfprit, Cordage, Cable, Anchor, Cap-. ftan, Pump, Yards, Sails, Tackle, Helin, Steerage, &c. (64 65. 66) The arts relating to Furniture, Literature, Tools, Inftruments, and Machines, afford employment to a multitude of workmen, fome of whom are mentioned under thefe heads in our general fcheme, where we are likewise pretty full in regard to the works produced by them; all which the reader will find defcribed in their places, and most of, the Tools, Inftruments, and Machines, illuftrated with copper-plates. A CHRONOLOGICAL SERIES of EVENTS, Continued from our preceding volume. To every article is annexed the number of the page in which it is to be found, 1762. Jan. 4. War declared by Britain against Spain 52. Feb. March 5. Elifabeth Emprefs of Ruffia dies, and Peter III. is proclaimed Emperor 49. 5. Fort Royal in Martinico furrendered to the British 152. 14. That whole island surrendered 159. 23. A pacific declaration published by the Emperor of Ruffia 150. April 5. Granada furrendered to the British 215. May Treaty of peace figned by the Ruffians and Pruffians 265. 7. The Spaniards enter Portugal 271. 8. Miranda furrendered to the Spaniards 271. 21. The Hermione Spanish register-fhip taken by two British frigates 395. June 15. Spain declares war against Portugal 387 20. France declares war againft Portugal 388. 24. The French take St John's, Newfoundland 444. July 9. Peter III. Emperor of Ruffia depofed, and his wife Catharine II. proclaimed 378. 16. The Emperor Peter 111. of Ruffia dies 379. 30. The Moro caftle at the Havannah taken by storm 499. Aug. 12. The Prince of G. Britain born 395. 13. The Havannah furrendered to the British 499. Sept. 16. The Elector of Cologn chofen Bishop of Munster 508. 18. Newfoundland retaken by the British 554. 08. 5. The Spaniards furprised at Villa Velha by the British 550. 9. Schweidnitz furrendered to the Pruffians 548. 29. Pr. Henry of Pruffia defears the Austrians and Imperialists near Freyberg 609. Nov. 1. Caffel furrendered to the Allies 609. 3. The preliminaries of peace figned at Fountainbleau 616. 22. The ratifications of the preliminaries exchanged 616. 26. A ceflation of arms betwixt G. Britain, France, and Spain, proclaimed 616. Dic. 9. The preliminaries approved of by the British parliament 671. |