thing over again in Ireland; but if it should be persisted in, the result will be the same. Sooner or later education must begin, wherever Irish is daily used, as it now does both in Wales and the Highlands-that is, if we are in earnest as to two objects-the moral benefit of education, and even the extension of the English tongue. I suspect, however, that at present money is thus being spent in vain, in many instances, where it would go five times farther if the mothertongue were employed as the medium. At all events, of the large sums voted by Parliament from this country for Irish education, none of it has ever been applied towards the native Irish language!

If Irish, therefore, requires to be used at all in the business of education and oral instruction, and of this, I am sure, there need be no question now,-for whatever may be said, there is certainly no help, no substitute for it, but this being granted, my deliberate impression for some time has been, that there are certainly not fewer than three millions who require it. Two millions, the number specified in the memorial of 1814, will be found in Connaught and Munster alone,- -a number nearly equal to the whole population of Scotland!

At the same time, I cannot conclude without observing, that until Irish oral instruction make some advance, no wonder that there should be perplexity or contradiction with regard to the precise number of those who require to be taught to read the Irish language in the first instance. Let enactments be multiplied to any extent, what do they signify? Language still remains a thing of choice, or a matter of taste. "Doth not the ear try words as the mouth tasteth meat?" is one of the oldest proverbs in existence,twice recorded in perhaps the most ancient written composition in the world. But in any country, every such in

(English) when they left school, and to-day cannot read any." After mentioning that the pastors of this people preach to them in their own language, the writer adds-"The clergy read no more than the text, whereas if they would read, every Lord's day, a chapter or two out of the Holy Scriptures, the people in that case would be inclined to bring their Bibles and follow the minister. Even in the present day, I venture to say, that there are a few of the clergy in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland that cannot read a chapter out of the Gaelic Bible."-Letter from a Highland Clergyman, in a " Prize Essay on the State of Knowledge in the Highlands of Scotland, by John Anderson, W.S., 1827," p. 109.-It would be easy to corroborate the first statement by letters addressed to the present writer from the Highlands fifteen and sixteen years ago. I quote this simply as a recent and independent testimony. But what will the writer of this letter or the author who prints it say to the present condition of Ireland, as already described in the preceding pages? For while the Gaelic population is somewhat more than 400,000-the Native Irish is about eight times the number!

stance of oral instruction is not only music to the ear, it is like a torch illuminating the path of incumbent duty. Following in this path, education must of necessity come with a relish to the mind; and the extent to which it ought to be carried is then no longer a subject of calculation or vague conjecture. But, independently altogether of this, and every similar consideration, a case has been already proved, sufficient to excite the sympathy of the nation at large.

"And even things without life giving sound, whether pipe or harp, except they give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be known what is piped or harped? So likewise ye, except ye utter by the tongue words easy to be understood, how shall it be known what is spoken? for ye shall speak unto the air." PAUL.

"But ye ought to know wherefore languages were given. Better to speak a few lucid words in the right sense, than innumerable that are obscure and unknown." SEDULIUS.

"The ground of moral behaviour, and all moral government and regulation, is society, or mutual intercourse and social regards. The special medium of union and communication between the members of society, and the being of society as such, is conversation: and the well-being and happiness of society is friendship. It is the highest happiness of all moral agents; but friendship, above all other things that belong to society, requires conversation. By this not only is it maintained and nourished, but the felicity of friendship is tasted and enjoyed."—" Moral agents are social agents; affairs of morality are affairs of society. It is concerning moral agents as united in society, in a Commonwealth or Kingdom, that we have been speaking. Particular moral agents so united need conversation: the affairs of their social union cannot well be maintained without it."-" The happiness of God's moral government consists in an inferior degree in the members' enjoyment of each other's friendship; but infinitely more in the enjoyment of their head. Therefore, here especially, and above all, is conversation necessary."

EDWARDS.

SECTION V.

THE ISLANDS OF IRELAND

Viewed apart by themselves, as an object demanding special consideration and assistance, including the number of inhabitants in each Island.

ONE important feature of Ireland, hitherto passed over in a vague and general style by all writers, consists in the great number of islands scattered round her shores, in most of which the Irish language is generally, in many almost exclusively, spoken. The extreme length of Ireland is 306 miles, its extreme breadth 207, and, speaking loosely, the circumference is about 880 miles. "The sinuous line of its seacoast, however, exclusive of such parts as lie within estuaries, or above the first good anchorage in every harbour, but inclusive of the river Shannon, as far as the tide reaches, and the shores of Bantry Bay, Dunmanus Bay, and Kenmare river, will, if accurately followed through all its windings, be found to measure 1737 miles. In this line there are not fewer than one hundred and thirty harbours, and places where ships may anchor for a tide, or find shelter."* Round the coast of this fine country, and including her inland lakes, the number of islands and islets cannot be calculated at less than six hundred. In Clew Bay alone, on the west coast, the islands, islets, holms, and rocks above the surface of the water, have been rated, I think, as high as three hundred-which, if they were planted, would cause this inlet of the sea to exceed in picturesque beauty any thing of the kind in Europe. In Strangford Lough, on the east coast, there are fifty-four islands, small and great, known by particular names, besides many other nameless. As to inland lakes, to say nothing of Loch Coirrib, Loch Ree, or Loch Deirgeart, from the centre of an island in Loch Erne, called Ennismacsaint, may be seen twenty-seven islands in view at once.

Newenham's View of Ireland, 4to, London, 1809, p. 6.

To the admirer of nature, all over these coasts, here is many a magnificent though neglected field for admiration and ecstasy, were it not so sadly shaded by the condition of the thousands for whose use or gratification all this was made. The curious ruins too to be found here and there, where the arch or the rampart and the wall seem to lament and languish_together, will lend to the scene a sombre character, and frequently excite the association of opposites, the suggestion of contrast-how different is this place or spot from what it once was! But better days are coming for Ireland than she ever saw in ancient times, whether mainland or coastways. Meanwhile, to continue this digression but a little longer, before noticing the people themselves, the reader, I think, will not object to a few slight notices respecting some of these islands.

RAGHLIN, Rathlin, or Rath-erin, the Ricnea of Pliny, the Ricinia of Ptolemy, about 6 miles distant from the north coast of Antrim, which is nearly 5 miles long, and 3 in extreme breadth, abounds with some curious arrangements of basaltic pillars, similar to those of the Giant's Causeway. It affords a considerable quantity of sea-weed for kelp, and, where cultivated, produces excellent barley. A religious establishment was founded here in the sixth century_by Columba, but in 790 it was ravaged by the Danes. The attachment of the natives to their little island is extreme, and one of their worst wishes to any neighbour who has injured them is, that he may end his days in Ireland. Raghlin is memorable as the retreat of Robert Bruce of Scotland in 1306: it was here that he planted his standard, and obtained some aid from the inhabitants, before he proceeded to the Hebrides. Dr Francis Hutchinson, Bishop of Down and Connor, who published an Irish Almanack, and a Defence of the ancient Historians, with application to the history of Ireland and Great Britain, in the year 1712, procured for the inhabitants of this island a translation of the Church Catechism into Irish, with the English annexed. It was printed at Belfast, but in the Roman letter, and the orthography of both languages was interfered with, otherwise this publication might have been noticed under the first section, in its proper place. I know not whether a single copy of the Raghlin Catechism remains in Ireland; but the attempt was not a judicious one, though perfectly characteristic, as the feeble and expiring effort of a narrow and illiberal policy.

TORY, about ten miles or more off the north coast of Donegal, but united to the parish of Tullaghabigly, is about three miles long and one broad. The name of this island is thought to be of Runic etymology, and Thoreye, now corrupted into Tory, denotes that it was consecrated to Thor, the Scandinavian deity, who presided over stormy and desolate places. The inhabitants are unacquainted with any other law than that of their old Brehon code. They choose their own chief judge, and to his mandate, issuing from his throne of turf, the people yield a ready obedience. Round a tower and church built by Columkill, there is a grave-yard to which peculiar sanctity is ascribed, and where no one now is permitted to be interred. The people but very seldom come to the mainland. About two years ago, a fishing-boat, containing seven or eight men, being driven by stress of weather into Ards Bay, on the coast adjoining, it turned out that not one of these men had ever been in Ireland before! The trees belonging to Mr Stewart of Ards (the uncle of Lord Londonderry) actually astonished them, and they were seen putting leaves and small branches in their pockets, to show on their return. In August, 1826, the poor people in this island, amounting to nearly 500, were visited by a great calamity. A strange and unforeseen storm set in from the north-west, which drove the sea in immense waves over the whole flat part of the island; the waves beat even over the highest cliffs-all their corn was destroyed, their potatoes washed out of the ground, and all their springs of fresh water filled with that of the sea!* Their deplorable situation constrained them to several communications with the mainland—their condition, in other respects, then excited pity-an Irish teacher is about to be sent them; and so this frowning providence may prove to have been only the precursor of better days than they have

ever seen.

INNISMURRY, about six miles distant from the coast of Sligo, is but small, containing about 130 acres of shallow soil. In this isle there is a large image rudely carved in wood, and painted red, which the people call Father Molash, to which it is affirmed they pay devotion; and they have an altar built of loose round stones, called the Curs

See an interesting and characteristic volume-"Sketches in Ireland, descriptive of hitherto unnoticed Districts, in the North and South." By the Rev. C. OtwayPublished by W. Curry & Co. Dublin, 1827.J