After retiring from the military service he took the regular course in the law department of the University of Michigan, was admitted to the practice in the state courts in 1866, and later in the United States courts. He practiced law with but moderate success for eight or ten years, and then entered into numerous railway enterprises, in the management and manipulation of which he proved a past master, and within a decade had accumulated a great fortune in railroad and industrial holdings.

He was a Democrat of the strong and aggressive type during his entire life. He entered politics first in behalf of his friends, to whom he was always devoted; afterward in search of distinguished honors for himself. In both he was eminently successful.

In 1876 he was at the head of the Democratic electoral ticket, was on the electoral ticket in 1880 and 1884, and in 1888 was one of the delegates-at-large to the Democratic national convention at St. Louis, was chosen the national committeeman from Ohio, and unanimously chosen chairman of the national committee. He was chairman of the national executive committee in 1888, and was a delegate to all the national Democratic conventions from 1876 to 1892, and was selected as the Ohio member of the national committee, filling that position until 1896, when he was succeeded both as committeeman and chairman by John R. McLean of the Cincinnati Enquirer.

In 1890, on the 15th of January, he was elected to the United States senate over Ex-Secretary of the Treasury Charles Foster, as the successor of Henry B. Payne, for the term ending March 4, 1897. On the 15th of January, 1896, he was defeated for re-election by Joseph Benson Foraker.

After his election to the senate he became more closely identified with great railway and financial interests in the city of New York, although he continued to retain his legal residence in Ohio, being identified with many of its leading railway interests. During the last years of his life he was intimately associated with enormous railway concessions in the Chinese Empire involving millions of dollars.

He died suddenly and unexpectedly in New York city, on the 13th of December, 1898, of an acute attack of pneumonia.

JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER OF HAMILTON COUNTY.

Joseph Benson Foraker, like Calvin Stewart Brice, his immediate predecessor in the senate, began the morning of life with a hand-to-hand struggle with adverse environments, and like

him achieved both fame and fortune while yet in the prime of virile life and vigorous manhood.

The two men were not unlike in many respects. Both entered the army while mere boys, and both were brave and gallant and daring. They had the same hunger and thirst for knowledge and education, and subordinated the usual pleasures of boyhood and young manhood, to their attainment. They both combined politics with professional and business life without confounding them or dishonoring either. They were both magnetic and gathered about them hosts of admiring and selfsacrificing friends. Both were warmhearted to their associates, and obliging to those with whom they came in contact in public and business life. They both struck from the shoulder when conflict could not be avoided or was necessitated by the attainment of some legitimate end. Neither cherished unreasonable resentments nor nursed unbecoming prejudices. Both nourished the loftiest ambitions, and to both of them the presidency itself was a reasonable expectation. They were perfect types of the second generation of Ohio's virile manhood, worthy the sires who with ploughshare and ax helped to found this great commonwealth, and the grandsires who, with sword and flint-lock, courage and endurance, wisdom and patriotism, assisted in laying the foundations of the splendid republic.

Brice excelled in the acumen and keen insight of business affairs: Foraker was the greater in the forum and in the courts. In the senate Brice Iwas a thinker-not an orator. His profound knowledge of economic questions made his counsel of rare value in the committee room. In the same august body Foraker was the thinker and orator combined, and his fervid eloquence electrified the whole nation as it approached the confines of the Spanish-American war in 1898. He was too frank to dissimulate; too courageous to attempt to becioud what he conceived to be the true sentiment of

the American people toward the struggling peoples of the Spanish colonies.

Trustful and confiding in their intercourse with men, they were adepts in human nature sometimes betrayed by pretended friends, it is true, but never betrayed a second time by the same persons. Rivals in politics, they never forgot the gentler amenities of life.

Joseph Benson Foraker was born in the pioneer log cabin of his father, on a farm near Rainsboro, Highland county, Ohio, on the 5th of July, 1846. On this farm, and about a combined grist and saw mill upon a brawling highland stream, assisting in the care of both, he passed the first 16 years of his life in a laborious calling, laying deep the foundations of his future education and career, in the primitive public schools of the day.

At the age of 16 he enlisted in the Eighty-sixth Regiment, Ohio Voluntee infantry, and went to the front with his neighbors, playmates and schoolmates. Wherever and whenever duty called he responded, always distinguishing himself. From a private soldier he rose to a sergeancy in 1862, and was made a lieutenant for meritorious conduct in 1865, and a captain for gallant conduct and efficient services later.

He participated in the sanguinary engagements of Missionary Ridge, Lookout Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain and many lesser actions. When General Sherman began his historic march from Atlanta to the sea he accompanied that great captain in the movement which cut in twain and destroyed the Confederacy.

His courage, coolness and daring brought him into such high favor with his superior officers that whenever some delicate and important work to ascertain the strength, intentions or movements of the enemy was to be done, it was placed in the hands of young Foraker, and he always reported its accomplishment promptly. His term of enlistment expired in 1865, when hostilities were ended, and he was mustered out at the age of 19.

His military ardor having been, to some degree, sated, the thirst for education again overcame him, and this time under circumstances which enabled him to gratify it. For two years he attended the Ohio Wesleyan university at Delaware, Ohio, and then entered Cornell university, whence he graduated in 1869. He selected the profession of law and located in the practice at Cincinnati. In 1879 he was elected judge of the superior court of that city, and filled the office in the most satisfactory manner for three years, but tiring of the ermine, he doffed it and resumed the practice of law, and soon after entered actively into state and national politics.

He was four times a candidate for governor of Ohio; twice elected and twice defeated. A most ardent Republican, a vigorous campaigner and a versatile orator, these campaigns will long remain notable in the political annals of the state.

In 1883 he was nominated by the Republican state convention against Judge George Hoadly, Democrat, who had preceded him on the bench in Cincinnati. At this election the vote was: Hoadly, 353,693; Foraker, 347,164.

The defeat of the latter was unexpected, but his friends, wholly undaunted, renominated him in 1885, in opposition to Hoadly's re-election. The result was: Foraker, 359,281; Hoadly, 341,830.

In 1887 he was again nominated by the Republican state convention, with Colonel Thomas E. Powell of Delaware county as his Democratic opponent. The election resulted: Foraker, 356,534; Powell, 333,205.

Again in 1889 he was the nominee of his party, with James E. Campbell of Butler county as the Democratic candidate. There was considerable defection in the Republican ranks and the vote stood: Campbell, 379,423; Foraker, 368,551.

His friends immediately gazetted him for the senatorship, while his enemies in his own party believed that he had been eliminated as a political factor. He was defeated for the caucus nomination in 1892, when John Sherman was elected, but in 1896 was nominated by the caucus and elected by the legislature for the term beginning March 4, 1897, and ending March 4, 1903. Immediately upon entering the senate he took a commanding position on all the important questions which came before that body and continued to hold it.

He married a daughter of Congressman Hezekiah H. Bundy, and his son, Joseph Benson Foraker, Jr., was a captain in the Spanish-American war. And it may be mentioned, as a coincidence, that Stewart M. Brice, a son of Calvin S. Brice, whom Senator Foraker succeeded, held a similar position in the same war, each showing the courage and military genius of their fathers.

MARCUS ALONZO HANNA OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY.

Marcus Alonzo Hanna was born in New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Columbiana county, O., Sept. 24, 1837, and is the first man elected to the United States

senate from the state who had not previously been chosen to some important office.

He removed to the city of Cleveland in 1852, when a youth, and was there educated in the public schools, and later graduated from the Western Reserve college at Hudson, Ohio. He began life as a clerk in the grocery store of Hanna, Garretson & Co., of which his father was the senior member.

When his father died in 1862, he represented the interest of the estate in the firm until 1867, when the business was closed out. He then became a member of the firm of Rhodes & Co. and engaged in the coal and iron business upon a scale of magnitude not hitherto undertaken in that city.

This firm continued for ten years and was then changed to M. A. Hanna

& Company, he becoming the chief factor in it, and it still continues, with its business largely extended and widely ramified. He also identified himself with the lake carrying trade and in the construction of vessels and the control of the carrying trade on the chain of northern lakes.

He is president of the Union National bank of Cleveland; president of the Cleveland City Railway company; president of the Chapin Mining company, Lake Superior, and is identified with a score of other mining, manufacturing and industrial companies, in all of which he takes an active interest, and in 1885 was appointed as one of the directors of the Union Pacific Railway company, on behalf of the government, by President Cleveland.

For 20 years he has been one of the most active and influential leaders of the Republican party in the state and nation. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1884, 1888 and 1896.

In the latter year he was elected chairman of the national Republican committee, and managed the Republican presidential campaign of that year with great success, the campaign culminating in the election of William McKinley to the presidency. He still holds the position of national chairman