was the first man to fully grasp the great commercial possibilities of the United States in the Orient. His tact and wisdom at the court of Japan were fruitful in subsequent events and results and opened the way to closer and mutually advantageous relations between the two countries. He it was who imbued the Japanese statesmen with the advanced western ideas, which eventually revolutionized the politics of that empire.

During his mission European diplomats, in that quarter of the globe. met for the first time an American who could penetrate their politics and thwart the designs by which America was so largely shut out of the commerce of Japan and China, and he triumphed over their finesse in spite of their combined obstacles.

His career in congress was most brilliant. He was chosen to the Thirtyfourth congress in 1854 from the Twenty-first district, Harrison, Jefferson Carroll and Columbiana counties. He was chosen from the same district to the Thirty-fifth congress in 1856, to the Thirty-sixth in 1858, and to the Thirty-seventh in 1860. In 1862 the reapportionment placed him in the Sixteenth district, Harrison, Tuscarawas, Guernsey, Belmont and Noble counties, and he was not returned, but in 1864 he was elected from that district to the Thirty-ninth congress, in 1866 to the Fiftieth, in 1868 to the Fiftyfirst, and in 1870 to the Fifty-second.

An eminent lawyer, and for a long series of years occupying positions that afforded him unlimited opportunities to accumulate wealth by taking advantage of them, as others did, he found himself a poor man in his old age, and compelled to practice the strictest frugality to supply himself with the ordinary comforts of life. He was too great and too honest for the "commercial spirit" to find a lodgment in his bosom.

JOHN SHERMAN.

A more extended notice of the public services of John Sherman appears in the list of United States senators. He was elected in 1854 to the Thirt fourth congress from the Thirteenth district, Richland, Morrow, Huron and Erie counties, and was re-elected from the same district to the Thirty-fifth, in 1856; the Thirty-sixth, in 1858, and the Thirty-seventh, in 1860. In 1861 he resigned to become United States senator, and was succeeded by Samuel T. Worcester of Huron county.

PHILEMON BLISS

Was a leading citizen of Lorain county, who was twice elected to congress and served his constituents with fidelity. He was elected to the Thirtyfourth congress from the Fourteenth district, Lorain, Medina, Wayne and Ashland counties, in 1854, and re-elected to the Thirty-fifth from the same district. He was president judge of the Fourteenth circuit from 1844 to 1851, and was also United State judge for Dakota. He was born in Canton, Connecticut, July 28, 1814.

CHARLES J. ALBRIGHT.

Charles J. Albright, a prominent citizen of Guernsey county, served in congress for one term only, having been elected in 1854 to the Thirty-fourth. congress from the Seventeenth district, containing the counties of Guernsey, Belmont, Monroe and Noble. He did not seek a re-election. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1816.

BENJAMIN F. LEITER.

Among the prominent lawyers and Democratic politicians of Stark county from 1835 to 1855 was Benjamin F. Leiter. He was elected to the lower house of the legislature in 1848, and re-elected to the same body in 1849, serving through the Forty-seventh and Forty-eighth general assemblies. In 1854 he was elected to the Thirty-fourth congress as a Democrat from the Eighteenth district, consisting of Stark, Portage and Summit counties, and was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth in 1856. After serving two terms in congress he resumed the practice of law. He was born in Leitersburg, Maryland, Oct. 13, 1813.

GEORGE H. PENDLETON.

George Hunt Pendleton was elected to the Thirty-fifth congress in 1856 from the First district, a part of Hamilton county, and re-elected from the same district to the Thirty-sixth in 1858, the Thirty-seventh in 1860, and the Thirty-eighth in 1862. For a more extended sketch of his public services see list of United States senators.

WILLIAM S. GROESBECK.

William S. Groesbeck of Cincinnati was an eminent lawyer. Originally a Whig, he became a Republican upon the organization of that party, but acted with the Democratic party during the last 15 years of his life. He was born in the city of New York July 24, 1815, and was educated to the law. He located in Cincinnati when a young man, and became one of its most prominent and widely known citizens.

He was a member of the constitutional convention in 1851; a member of the commission to codify the laws of Ohio in 1852. In 1856 he was elected to the Thirty-fifth congress from the Second district, a part of Hamilton county, serving a single term, and serving on the committee on foreign relations. He was a member of the peace congress in 1861. In 1862-1864 he was a member of the state senate from the First district, composed of Hamilton county.

He was a delegate to the National Union convention in 1866. He was the leading counsel for President Andrew Johnson during his trial for impeachment in 1868. In 1872 he was the candidate of the Liberal Republicans

for the presidency against Horace Greeley, and received one electoral vote for vice president, although he was not a candidate for the office.

He was appointed a member of the monetary commission at Paris in 1878. His great legal ability was recognized in the United States and abroad, He was a progressive and public spirited citizen, and a liberal patron c education, literature and the fine arts, and endowed a fund of $50,000 for open air concerts in Burnet Woods Park, Cincinnati. He died in that city at four score.

CLEMENT LAIRD VALLANDIGHAM.

Clement Laird Vallardigham was born near New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Columbiana county, Chio, July 29, 1820, and was accidentally killed at

Lebanon, Ohio, in 1871, by the explosion of a pistol in his own hand as he was illustrating a point in the defense of a murder case. His ancestry were an admixture of French Hugenots and Scotch Irish, and the original name was Flemish, Van Lendeghem. His father was a Presbyterian minister and teacher.

The younger Vallandigham graduated from Jefferson college, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law at New Lisbon in 1841. In 1845 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the house of the Forty-fourth general assembly, and was re-elected to the Forty-Fifth.

At the close of his second term in the legislature he removed to Dayton, where he entered upon the practice of the law, and became editor and part proprietor of the Dayton Empire, and he became an exponent and doctrinaire of the school of Democracy. In 1856 he was a candidate for the Thirty-fifth congress from the Third district, Montgomery, Butler and Preble, against Lewis D. Campbell, who was declared elected, but upon contest the seat was awarded to Mr. Vallandigham, this being the first contest for a congressional seat from Ohio. He was re-elected from the same district to the Thirty-sixth congress in 1858, and to the Thirtyseventh in 1860.

On the 13th of April, 1863, General Ambrose E. Burnside, commanding at Cincinnati, issued General Order No. 38, embracing the following:

* * All persons within cur lines who commit acts for the benefit of the enemies of our country will be tried as spies or traitors, and if convicted will suffer death. * * * The habit of declaring sympathy for the enemy will not be allowed in this department. Persons committing such offenses will be at once arrested, with a view to being tried as above stated, or sent beyond our lines into the lines of their friends. It must be distinctly stated that treason expressed or implied will not be tolerated in this department."

Mr. Vallandigham construed the order as a denial of the right of the citizen to discuss the policy of the Federal administration, and at a public meeting at Mt. Vernon on the 10th of May, 1863, denounced it in the strong and impassioned language for which he was noted, declaring that he spoke by authority of a higher order than No. 38; Order No. 1, the American Constitution.

Four days later he was arrested by an officer in charge of a detachment of the One Hundred and Fifteenth Ohio Volunteer infantry, and conveyed, as a prisoner, to General Burnsides' headquarters at Cincinnati. A mob assembled in Dayton and burned the Republican newspaper office, and martial law was declared in the city.

He was quickly tried by courtmartial, found guilty of violating Order No. 38, and sentenced to close confinement during the war at Ft. Warren, Boston harbor. President Lincoln changed the sentence to banishment through the Federal lines. He was, accordingly, passed within the Confederate lines beyond Murfreesboro, Tenn.

It is possible that many of Mr. Vallandigham's political enemies imagined that he would remain in the Confederate states. But they were mistaken. After remaining in seclusion for a week at General Braxton Bragg's headquarters at Shelbyville, he proceeded to Wilmington, N. C., where he boarded a blockade runner and made his way to Canada, where he remained for some time at Windsor, just across the border, awaiting an opportunity to return to his native state.

In June, 1863, the Democratic state convention met in Columbus and nominated Mr. Vallandigham for governor and George E. Pugh for lieutenant governor. A heated and acrimonious campaign ensued, and he was defeated by John Brough, Republican, by a majority of over 100,000. In 1864 he returned to Ohio, without permission, and was chosen a delegate to the Democratic national convention of that year. He was never again molested, but continued the practice of his profession, and was a Democrat up to the hour of his death.

CYDNOR B. TOMPKINS.

Foremost among the lawyers of the Muskingum valley, at the beginning of the second half of the century, was Cydnor B. Tompkins of the Morgan county bar. He enjoyed a wide practice in that and adjoining counties, and he was most highly esteemed wherever he was known.

Brilliant and talented, he had a host of friends who finally induced him to enter politics, and in 1856 he was elected to the Thirty-fifth congress from the Sixteenth district, Morgan, Washington and Muskingum counties, and in 1858 was re-elected from the same district to the Thirty-eighth.

He was descended from a distinguished Loudon county, Virginia, family, his mother being a Quakeress, and was born in Belmont county, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1810. He graduated from the Ohio university at Athens in 1835, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Zanesville in 1837. He died in the city of McConnelsville, July 21, 1862.

SAMUEL SULLIVAN COX.

Samuel Sullivan Cox was one of the imposing figures in Democratic politics in Ohio from 1852 to 1867, and afterward in the city of New York. He

was born in Zanesville, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1824, and died in the city of New York, Sept. 10, 1889.

He graduated from Brown university in 1846, studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice at Zanesville in 1849. In 1853 he removed to Columbus and became editor of the Ohio Statesman, in which position he displayed unusual literary ability. In 1855 he became secretary of legation at Lima, Peru, but returned to Ohio in 1856, and was elected to the Thirtyfifth congress from the Twelfth district, Franklin, Licking and Pickaway counties. He was elected from the same district to the Thirty-sixth congress in 1858, and to the Thirtyseventh in 1860.

In 1862, at the decennial apportionment of the state, he was placed in the Seventh district, made up of the counties of Franklin, Madison, Clark and Greene, which was regarded as safely Republican, but in 1862 it elected him. to the Thirty-eighth. He was again a candidate for the Thirty-ninth in 1864, but was defeated by a few votes.

He removed from Ohio to New York in 1866 and formed a law partnership with Algernon Sidney Sullivan, which soon became one of the leading law firms of the metropolis. In 1868 the Democracy of his new district sent him to congress, where he remained almost continually the rest of his life. His only unsatisfied ambition was his failure to be elected speaker of the house of representatives, which he nearly attained on two or three different occasions.

He was a man of rare wit and humor, a brilliant lecturer and an orator