No race has ever given a truer test of its bottom and genuineness than the Irish have done by their grateful remembrance of friends and relatives. It would be as vain to deny them the high virtue of generosity, as to question their valour or dispute their intellectual brilliancy. They have sent vast, almost fabulous sums across the Atlantic to bring out their friends, and they never ask for repayment. "The Irish are a grand race," said one who had lived much with them and in reference to this very matter, "and" he added, remembering how much the poor servant girls have done, and the temptation they have braved, "the Irish women are an honour to their country." The returns of the Emigration Commissioners lead to the inference that the amount of money sent by settlers on this continent to Ireland, for emigration purposes, cannot be less than $120,000,000.**

Female purity is a high test of the quality of a race as well as of a civilization. "In the hotels of America the Irish girl is admittedly indispensable. Through the ordeal of these fiery furnaces of temptation she passes unscathed."+ The answer Mr. Maguire received from the prominent hotel proprietors of the United States, when he asked why all the young women in their establishments were Irish, was that "The Irish girls are industrious, willing, cheerful and honest; they work hard, and they are strictly moral." After every deduction is made, this testimony remains substantially intact.

Nothing has been said about the great war. The part played by those of Irish descent and Irish birth is too well known. When a few men, the remains of Irish regiments, march through New York on great public occasions, with their tattered banners and green cockades, one part of their story is told. They were faithful on both sides, according to their sympathies. But, thank God, the great mass, and all of those who enlisted in Ireland, sided with the North and struck for human freedom. "The war has tried the Irish," said a well-known General," and they

brogue, if placed on a narrow gauge, would trip up the train.

"Oi'm not Irish,"

she said, "Oi'm Scotch." Such degradation will of course be found among inferior specimens of all peoples.

* Maguire. The Irish in America, page 331.

+ Maguire.

stood the test well as good citizens and soldiers." Thomas Francis Meagher, a great orator, used all his amazing powers of persuasion, and his spell of fiery inspiration, calling young Irishmen in thousands to fight for the Union. Nor did they hang back. Their

"Faith and truth

On war's red techstone rang true metal."

When I saw, during the Franco-German war, the German victorious soldiers respecting women, and falsifying all the traditions of the brutality of war, my heart warmed to them. The southern people had reason to be thankful that Irishmen made so large a portion of the army. The Protestant Bishop of New Orleans, told Mr. Maguire that "in every assault made upon a defenceless household, the Irish soldier was the first to interpose for the defence of the helpless, to shield them from insult and wrong," They protected families from "the cruel wrath of their (the family's) countrymen;" and where helpless women were in a menaced house, an Irish soldier has taken his place as sentinel at the door, keeping back the infuriate crowd. Of the prominent men of Irish descent and birth in that war, it would fill a volume to speak. But two great names stand out in the first rank,-Meade and Sheridan,

In Australia, as we have seen, an Irishman rose rapidly to the first place. Only one honoured name need here be mentioned,—a name known to law and statesmanship, and dear to literature and education. Sir Redmond Barry, who has been Solicitor-General for the colony of Victoria, and who, in 1851, became one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, was born in the County Cork, in 1813. He has taken a deep interest in education; and his inaugural addresses, delivered as Chancellor of the New University of Melbourne, mark him as a man of wide views and high culture. Sir Redmond Barry was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. The

* Lowell. In March, 1867, Meagher wrote a letter in which he bore testimony to the chivalrous devotion of his countrymen. "Many of my gallant fellows left comfortable homes, and relinquished good wages, and resigned profitable and most promising situations, to face the poor pittance, the worse rations, the privations, rigour, and savage dangers of a soldier's life in the field." Meagher seemed to have proved himself as brilliant a soldier as he was an orator. All the '48 men had great stuff in them.

Order of Knighthood was conferred on him in 1860 by letters patent.

In the South American Revolutions, Irishmen played a prominent part. During the fifteen years which elapsed from 1808, until in 1823, when the last Spanish soldier left Caraccas, there was a striking succession of events, which only await the pen of a Tacitus to emerge into due prominence. The contest had three divisions, Bolivar's, in Columbia; O'Higgins's, in Chili; and that of the Argentine Republic, on the Rio de la Plata. By Bolivar's side were numbers of Irish soldiers. In 1817, an Irish brigade, under the command of General Devereux, a native of Wexford, went to his aid. We learn from the memoirs of a distinguished Englishman*, that his physician, Dr. Moore, was an Irishman who had followed the Liberator from Venezuela to Peru, and who was devotedly attached to him. Bolivar's first aide-de-camp was a nephew of the celebrated Dr. O'Leary; Lieutenant-Colonel Ferguson, was also an Irishman.+ Equally, if not more important, was the rôle alloted by fate to the Irish in Chili. Under the hand of Don Ambrosio O'Higgins, the last Captain-General, towns had sprung up, trade flourished, canals were opened, rivers and harbours were dredged. His son, Don Bernardo, born in Chili, felt for the country an enthusiastic patriotism, and as Supreme Director, struggled and struggled successfully for its independence. His heroism was only surpassed by his generalship. The second brigade was for a time commanded by General Mackenna, an Irishman, who was killed in

Memoirs of Genl. Miller, vol. II., pp. 233-234.

+ When a mere youth, Ferguson quitted a counting house at Demerara, and joined the patriot standard. During the war of extermination, he was taken by the Spaniards. He was led with several others, from a dungeon at La Guayra, for the purpose of being shot on the sea-shore. Having only a pair of trowsers on, his fair skin was conspicuous amongst his unfortunate swarthy companions, and attracted the attention of the boats' crew of an English man-of-war, casually on the strand. One of the sailors ran up to him and asked if he was an Englishman. Ferguson said-" No, I am an Irishman," "I too am an Irishman" said the tar, "and by no Spanish rascal shall murder a countryman of mine if I can help it!" Whereupon he ran to his officer and urged him to intercede with the Spanish Governor, and Ferguson's life was spared. Ferguson related this incident to General Miller. We have Ferguson's name, but the other hero's, the generous Jack who snatched his life from Spanish tyranny, is lost. Ferguson, of whose merit General Miller speaks in the highest terms, fell on the night of the conspiracy of Bogota, September, 1828, in the defence of Bolivar. "Memoirs of General Miller."

a durl at Buenos Ayres, in 1814. Colonel O'Connor's name is inseparably bound up with Peruvian independence, from the first attempt to the final battle of Ayachuco. The only Irishman on the Royalist side was General O'Reilly.

CHAPTER IV.

SOME seventy years after Jacques Cartier had sailed up the "fair flowing "* St. Lawrence

"That northern stream

"That spreads into successive seas,"

Champlain founded the colony, and the French régime commenced. This régime, having for a century and a half been illustrated by men whose energy, fortitude, sagacity and accomplishments would have made them remarkable in any theatre, fell with Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham.

When Wolfe proceeded to take Quebec, he left in charge at the Island of Orleans, with the 2nd Battalion of Royal Americans and some marines, a man who was to prove at once the founder and

EuppelTao Kavadov as a modern writer, discovered by Dr. Scadding, has it, adapting an epithet originally applied to far smaller rivers.

66

[Authorities :-The newspapers : "Constitutional History of Canada," by S. J. Watson : Correspondance de la Bibliothèque Canadienne," M. François Cazeau : "Hansard : "Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens sous la Domination Anglaise," par M. Bibaud : "History of Canada," MacMullen: "The Bastonnais," by John Lesperance : "The Settlement of Upper Canada," by Dr. Canniff: Life of Col. Talbot:" Mrs. Jameson's "Winter Studies and Summer Rambles:" "Family Records of the Gambles of Toronto." I am deeply indebted to Mr. Charles Lindsey for placing his library at my disposal, and to many other friends for the loan of books. I am indebted to the Hon. Mr. Fraser for giving me access to the Library of the Ontario Legislature at all hours.— N. F. D.]

CARLETON. TREATY OF PARIS.

69

saviour of Canada. This was Col. Guy Carleton. Carleton was born at Strabane in the County Tyrone. Strabane to-day is a busy market town with a population of five thousand. It is connected by a line of railway with Derry and Enniskillen. It stands on the right bank of the Mourne near the spot where that stream joins the Finn at Lifford, from which place it is called the Foyle.* A century and a half ago it was a scene of sylvan beauty. Then as now it was famous for its salmon.

The

Guy Carleton was born the year Marlborough died. renown of the great captain was long after his death a common topic. Blenheim and Ramillies were as familiar in men's mouths as Alma and Inkerman were a few years ago. As young Carleton plied his rod in the Mourne a wish rose within him which was to shape all his after-life, which was to lead him to honour and usefulness, which was to connect his name for ever with Canada and this great continent-he longed for a soldier's career.

While yet a youth he entered the Guards, and in 1748 became lieut.-colonel of the 72nd regiment. In the German campaign of 1757 he was aide-de-camp to Cumberland. In the following year he served under Amherst at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759, as we have seen, under Wolfe. He was wounded at the siege of Belle Isle. Having become a colonel he served in the Havana Expedition in 1762, and in the successful assault on the Moro Castle he was again wounded.

Meanwhile the articles of capitulation were signed in the camp before Montreal, September 8th, 1760. By the 27th of these articles, Vaudreuil proposed that the French Canadians should be assured the free exercise of their faith. He asked further that the English Government should secure to the priesthood the tithes and taxes the people had hitherto been obliged to pay under the rule of the King of France. To the first of these proposals, Amherst felt at liberty to accede; the second would depend on the King's pleasure. On the 10th of February, 1763, was signed the Treaty of Paris, by the fourth clause of which France ceded to England, Canada with all its dependencies, George III. granting the inhabitants the "liberty of the Catholic religion," and the Montgomery, his most formidable foe, was born at Convoy, about seven miles distant from the same spot.