t

S., 1,378; E., 6,649; G., 4,866; Dutch, 634; C. R., 1,566. Hastings (west), I., 4,797; S., 1,572; E., 3,990; C. R., 3,350. Hastings (east), I., 8,324; S., 1,348; E,, 3,678; C. R., 4,879. Hastings (north), I., 7,287; S., 2,200; E., 3,875; G. 1,266; Dutch, 1,014; C. R., 2,375. Lennox, I., 5,244; S., 1,478; E., 4,349; G., 4,649; C. R., 1,418. Addington, I., 9,429; S., 1,738; E., 3,459; G., 5,453; C. R., 4333. Frontenac, I., 7,886; S., 1,958; E., 4,082; G., 1,040; French, 997; Dutch, 169; C. R., 4.479. Thus in Frontenac the Irish are nearly twice the number of English, and more than four times the Scotch. In the charming City of Kingston, the figures give I., 6,611; S, 1,621 ; E., 3 271; G., 199; French, 363; African, 102; C. R., 3,986. Leeds, lying snugly by the St. Lawrence, has a noble Irish population of 11,202; the Scotch numbering 2,416, and the English, 4,885; the German, 1,195; the French, 693; the Dutch, 101; C. R., 3,635. In pleasant Brockville the figures stand-I., 5,106; S., 1,579 E., 3,621; C. R., 1,904. Grenville, I., 6,761; S., 1,907; E., 2,939; G., 408; F., 626; D., 297; C. R., 3,064. Leeds and Grenville, I., 9,458; S., 1,272; E., 1,817; G., 322; F., 291; D., 141; C. R., 2,332. Dundas, I., 6,541; S. 2,485; E., 1,921; G., 5,563; F., 1,031; D., 1,112; C. R., 2,382. Stormont, I., 2,708; S., 3,571; E., 864; G., 2,220; F., 1,266; D., 1,203; C. R., 2,366. Cornwall, I., 1,483; S., 2,658; E., 757; G., 905; F., 967; D., 119; C. R., 3,370. Glengarry has properly a large Scotch population, the figures being,-I., 1,279; S., 15,899; E., 509; F., 2,607; C. R., 10,404, Prescott, I., 4,055; S., 2,546; E., 1,256; G., 147; F., 9,623; C. R., 11,774. Russell, I., 7,745: S., 2,870; E., 1,551; F., 5,600; C. R., 8,831. Ottawa, I., 8,021; S., 2,285; E., 3,721; F., 7,214; C. R., 12,735. Carleton, I., 16,774; S., 2,162; E., 1,700; C. R., 6,028; South Lanark, I., 11,007; S., 5,334; E., 2,026; F., 455; C. R., 4,313. North Lanark, I., 5,500; S., 5,539; E., 1,194; F., 410; C. R., 2,346. South Renfrew, I., 6,616; S., 4077; E., 1,287; F., 1,266; G., 620; C. R., 6,347. North Renfrew, I., 6,949; S., 2,070; E., 1,371; F., 1,616; G., 1,698; C. R., 4,712. Nipissing (north and south), I., 509; S., 92; E., 122; F., 473; C. R., 778 south, and 640 north. Muskoka, I., 1,631; S., 1,027; E., 2,235 ; G., 321; C. R., 239. Parry Sound, I., 461; S., 266; E.,306; C. R., 247. Manitoulin, I., 110; S., 127; E., 132; C. R., 1,329. Algoma, I., 276; S., 552; E., 237; C. R., 2,027. Totals for Ontario, Irish,

QUEBEC AND LOWER PROVINCES.

1411

559,442; Scotch, 328,889; English, 439,424. C. R., 274,162. Thus in Ontario, the Irish are as five to three to Scotchmen and persons. of Scotch descent; and as five to four as regards those of English blood; and the Protestant Irish are nearly double the Catholic.

When we come to the Province of Quebec we find the Irish element the strongest after the French. Pontiac (south), I., 8,239; S., 1,897; E., 910; F., 3,195. Pontiac (north), I., 123; S., 68; E., 44; F., 260. Ottawa (west), I., 8,665; S., 1,298; E., 1,508; F., 11,531. Ottawa (centre), I., 1,376; S., 320; E., 556; F., 7,054. Ottawa (east), I., 1,119; S., 614; E., 286. Argenteuil, I., 4,080 S., 3,213; E., 1,443; F., 3.902. Deux Montagnes, I., 770; S., 348; E., 96; F., 13,972.

It is unnecessary to go much further into details as regards Quebec. In Montreal, the Irish element is very strong. In Montreal (centre), I., 969; S., 341; E., 479; F., 3,224. Montreal (east), I., 5,013; S., 1,580, E.,3,307; F., 35,569. Montreal (west), I., 19,394; S., 7,974; E., 9,099; F., 18,063. Thus in Montreal west, the Irish element is stronger than the French. In Huntingdon also, those of Irish, are more numerous than those of French blood. Huntingdon, (east), I., 4,112; S., 1,292; E., 825; F., 2,383. Huntingdon (west), I., 2,274; S., 1,892; E., 208; F., 2,541. In Quebec, as indeed in most cities the Irish are again numerous, the figures being I. 12,345; S., 1,861; E., 3,974; F., 40,890. The totals for the Province of Quebec show I., 123,478; S., 46,458; E., 69,822; F., 929,817; G., 7,963; C. R. 1,019,850. Of the 71,666 protestants, 62,449 belong to the Church of England.

In the Province of New Brunswick the Irish element ranks first. St. John I., 20,128; S., 5,785; E., 13,772; C. R., 17,829. In the City of St. John separately I., 15,605; S, 3,284; E., 8,557; C. R., 9,999. Charlotte, I., 10,154'; S., 4,319; E., 10,783; C. R.,3.828. Kings whose undulating hills and green valleys recall Ireland, the figures are I. 10,841, S., 2,705; E., 8,279; G., 1,136; C. R., 3,522. Queens, I. 5,469; S., 2,142; E., 4,842; C. R., 1,331. Sunbury, L, 2,655; S.,552; E., 2,839; C. R., 1,031. York I., 9,695; S., 3,917; E., 9,577; C. R., 4,388. Carleton, I.,7,541; S., 2.570; E., 8,197; C. R., 2.416. Victoria, I., 1,696; S., 955; E., 1,509; C. R., 8,270. It is not necessary to go further into particulars. Enough to state that the totals of New Brunswick are as follows; I., 100,643; S., 40,858; E., 83,59

44,907; G. 4,478; Dutch 6,005; Welsh 1,096; Africans 1,701; C. R., 96,016.

In Halifax City the Irish predominate, the figures being I., 11,665; S., 4,817; E., 9,726; G., 1,469; C. R., 12,431. The totals for the whole of Nova Scotia are I., 62,851; S., 120,941; E., 113,520; G., 21,942; F., 32,833; Dutch 1208; African 6,212; C. R., 102,001.

In Prince Edward the number of persons of Irish blood is 31,060; S., 25,484; E., 21,878. In Manitoba the Irish element is not yet strong. But in due time, side by side with the Scotch and English, men of Irish blood are destined to possess those fertile regions. In British Columbia there are no statistics to hand. In Newfoundland the number of persons born in Ireland is nearly double that of those born in Scotland or in England. The population is 146,536, and what the proportion of Irish blood is it is not easy to say, but it is safe to assume that it is very large.

Newfoundland, which will, I hope, soon make part of the Dominion, is the first British colony established on this continent, and is supposed to have been discovered in the tenth century by Biarne, son of Heriulf Bardson.* But the first discovery, generally considered historical, is that of Cabot, whom King Henry VII

* Newfoundland is the oldest Colony of Great Britain in America, having been taken possession of by John and Sebastian Cabot for King Henry Seventh, in the year 1497 and called Baccalaos, the word used for cod fish by the natives. There is every reason to believe, however, that it was discovered long before, viz., in 1001, by Biron or Biorn who named that part where he landed Winland; he was a Norman; on his return he told of his discovery. "Lief," son of "Eric Redhead," immediately fitted out a vessel with thirty-five men, and taking Biorn with him, set out for the newly-discovered country. Afterwards settlements were made from Greenland and Iceland; it even appears that a Bishop was stationed there. Eric, Bishop of Greenland, having gone to Winland in 1121, where it is supposed he died. Subsequent adventurers discovered Latin books in possession of one of the chiefs, supposed to have belonged to the Bishop. The Island was subsequently called Estotiland. According to Anspach's History there is no doubt that Winland, Estotiland, and Newfoundland, are the same country. The native Indians, now extinct, or nearly so, are supposed to be degenerate descendants of the Norman settlers! In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of the harbour of St Johns, in the presence of all the ships there, in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and established a colony. Colonies were afterwards established there by Sir George Calvert in the reign of James First-one of his (Calvert's) principal men, Daniel Powell, was, an Irishman; by the Marquis of Hamilton, in time of Charles First. Lord Falkland (Cary), in 1620, sent a colony of Irishmen there, but one cannot find their names. John Gray, a merchant of Bristol, made a good settlement in 1608; but then the great and chief inducement was the fisheries; gradually the country was found not to be the barren spot represented.-See Anspach's History.

SETTLEMENTS IN NEWFOUNDLAND.

143

chagrined at his own want of adventure in refusing to aid Columbus, despatched in the May of 1497 on a voyage of discovery. Then follow the visits of the Portuguese Cortereal in 1500; of the French Verazzani in 1525; of Jacques Cartier in 1534. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, the most interesting of English adventurers, who had the gallantry and charm of his half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, landed at St John's, took possession of the island in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and ere returning on that voyage, in which he was to meet his doom, promulgated laws. In 1610, Guy attempted to establish a colony at Conception Bay, and in 1615 Captain Whitbourne took steps to introduce law among the population. Other settlements followed, and in 1728 Newfoundlank, released from the nominal control of Nova Scotia, was erected into a separate province. In most of these settlements there must have been a proportion of Irish, as in 1753, out of a total population of 13,112, part of which, however, was migratory, there were 4,795 Catholics, chiefly Irish.

In 1784, a great stimulus was given to Irish emigration to Newfoundland by the Rev. Father O'Donnell, a native of Tipperary, who had been educated at Prague, and who was attracted by the toleration prevailing on those shores to leave his native country, and settle with his people, beyond that ocean, which seemed to the men of those days so dividing. This learned divine was appointed, in 1796, Roman Catholic Bishop of the island. For aiding General Skerret in putting down a mutiny among a regiment raised there-a mutiny which was only part of a wide-spread disaffection, instinct with the principles and feelings of 1798-the bishop was granted by the Imperial Government an annuity of £50 sterling. Among the Irishmen who have risen to prominence here, D'Arcy McGee mentions the Hon. L. O'Brien, who administered the Province, Chief-Justice Brady, the Hon. Mr. Kent and the Hon. Mr. Shea, both of whom became premiers.

Bonnycastle writes that "more than one-half of the people are Irish; so much so indeed as, considering the verdure of the earth, the absence of reptiles, the salubrity of the air, and peculiar adaptation of the soil to the growth of the potato, to tempt one very often to call it Transatlantic Ireland.'" The same author

says: "The Irish are an excitable race, which they themselves do not affect to deny; they are easily led, but difficult to drive. But the good qualities of the Irish peasant abroad are very prominent, and here in Newfoundland they are so busily employed during a great part of the year, in very small and detached sections, that they have no time to think about politics, or about anything else but getting their bread for themselves and their families, to provide in time for a long, severe and serious winter. I declare, and I am sure I shall be borne out by every class of people in this country, and by all those whose domicile is a mere transient one, that a more peaceable, respectable, loyal, or a kinder-hearted race than the Newfoundland English and Irish, whether emigrants or native born, I never met with,"

Party political and religious spirit, however, ran high in the island. Many old country merry-making customs were kept up by the Irish population, amongst others, Bonnycastle particularizes that of the boys-on St. Stephen's Day, going round from door to door with a green bush decorated with ribbons, &c., and containing a little bird to represent the wren, while they sing

"The wren, the wren, the king of all birds,

On St. Stephen's Day was caught in the firs."

St. Patrick's Day is also regularly celebrated. Both Protestants and Catholics generally unite, in compliment to each other, in observing the days of their respective saints, namely St. George and St. Patrick. "But the devotion," says Anspach, "with which the latter is honoured by the sons of Erin is by far the greater of the two." They also kept up the Sheelagh's Day. This is the day for getting sober.

The religious bodies in Newfoundland consist of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic, the Presbyterian, the Independent, and the Methodist Churches. The Church of England and the Roman Catholic are by much the largest. The former was established by the "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," and the mission in Newfoundland was one of the original objects of its care. William III., Prince of Orange, was the father and founder of this Society, which has since spread and done so much good. In the list of clergy of the Church of Eng