the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every 16 second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which 17 shall then fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a citizen 18 of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be 19 chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be 20 equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice Presi- 21 dent, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Per- 22 son shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall neverthe- 23 less be liable and subject to indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

SECTION 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress 24 may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year,

25 and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

26 SECTION 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Ma27 jority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

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Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the 29 Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question 30 shall, at the desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, 31 without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

SECTION 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive 32 a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach 33 of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for 34 which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been en

creased during such time; and no Person holding any Office 35 under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

SECTION 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in 36 the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Repre- 37 sentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with 38 his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their. Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass 39 the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall be- 40 come a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days 41 (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concur- 42 rence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before 43 the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. 1 Resolutions of Congress proposing amendments to the Constitution do not require the assent of the President.

44 SECTION 8. The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts 45 and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

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To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; 51 To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by 52 securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; 2

53 To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; 54

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To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

1A bankrupt law enables a person who is unable to pay all his debts to divide what property he has among his creditors proportionately and to be discharged from legal obligation to make further payment. Congress has absolute power in the matter of bankruptcy but it has not exercised this power continuously. The present bankrupt law was passed in 1898. In the absence of legislation by Congress the State regulates the subject of bankruptcy.

2 An author may secure a copyright on a book by sending to the librarian of Congress at Washington a copy of the title-page and two copies of the book on or before the day of publication. The copyright gives an exclusive right to sell for twenty-eight years, a period which upon application may be extended fourteen years. A patent secures to an inventor the exclusive right to manufacture and sell his invention for seventeen years. Patents are secured by sending to the Commissioner of Patents at Washington a working model of the thing invented.

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of 56 Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

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To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of 58 the land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the 59 Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the Appointment of the officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the 60 discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatso- 61 ever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government and of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over 62 all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;-And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper 63 for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

[SECTION 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.]1

1 This clause has no longer any significance.