great was his grief at the sight of the slaughter. He first sought out Krishna's father, Vasudeva (here called Anakadundubhi), whom he found distracted by sorrow. Arjuna then told him of his intention to remove from Dwáraká all the old men, women, and children who were left alone (181). He next searched for the bodies of Krishṇa and Balaráma, caused them to be burnt, and performed the usual funeral rites (207, 208). Arjuna then lodged for the night in Krishna's house, and next morning Vasudeva died (by self-immolation, according to the Vishņu-puráņa, p. 613), his four wives (Devakí, Rohiņí, Bhadrá, and Madirá) burning themselves with his body (194). Some of Krishna's wives (viz. Rukminí, Gándhárí, Haimavatí, and Jámbavatí) also burnt themselves; but Satyabhámá and others retired to the woods (249). Arjuna then commenced removing all the surviving population to Indraprastha. As they departed from Dwáraká it became submerged by the ocean (217). On their road to Indraprastha, they made a circuit and passed through the Panjáb (Pancha-nada, 221). Here they were attacked by a band of freebooters*, who were attracted by the sight of so many women and so much treasure defended by one warrior (224). Arjuna protected the women as well as he could; but to his astonishment found that he had lost his wonted vigour, and that even the arrows from Gándíva failed to take their usual effect. As a last resource, he was obliged to strike the robbers with the horn of his bow (238); but in spite of all his efforts, they succeeded in carrying off many of the women (239). The remainder of the women, old men, and children were established by Arjuna, some at Mártikávata in Kurukshetra, some at Indraprastha, with Vajra (great grandson of Krishna) as their ruler (245—248). Arjuna then went to Vyása, and related the story of his own defeat, attributing the loss of his vigour to the death of Krishna, bereaved of whom he did not wish to live (277). Vyása comforted him, declaring that it did not become him to grieve at the working of destiny (279—290). SEVENTEENTH and EIGHTEENTH BOOKS, called MAHAPRASTHANIKA-PARVA and SWARGAROHANIKA-PARVA.-In these we have the fine description of the renunciation of their kingdom by the five brothers, and their journey towards Indra's heaven in mount Meru, which has been already given at p. 29 of this volume. * A'bhiras, who were shepherds and herdsmen as well as marauders. KHILA-HARIVANSA-PARVA, i. e. the supplementary book on the history of Krishna and his family*. This supplement, which is a comparatively modern addition to the Mahá-bhárata, consists of no less than 16,374 verses, comprised in three subordinate parvas. The following are the principal contents of the first, or Harivansaparva. A description of the creation of the world and of all creatures (27). The story of Prithu (283). An account of the various Manus and Manwantaras (407) and Yugas (516). History of the solar race-birth of Vivaswat and his family (545). Story of Dhundumára (690). Birth of Gálava (728). History of Triśanku (749). Account of the birth of Sagara and others of the solar family, including Rámachandra, son of Dasaratha (797-822). The creation of the Pitris, with allusions to the śráddha ceremony, sacred to them, as related by Bhishma while reclining on his bed of arrows (845; and see p. 116 of this volume). History of the lunar racece—Atri, Soma, Budha (1312), Purúravas (1364). The family of Amávasu, son of Purúravas, Gádhi (1429), Viśwámitra (1457) and his son Sunahsephat (1471). The family of Ayus, son of Purúravas, viz. Nahusha (1476), Yayáti (1600). Line of Puru, son of Yayáti, viz. Dushmanta, husband of Sakuntala and father of Bharata (1723), Ajamídha (1756), Jarásandha (1811), Sántanu (1823), Vyása (1826), Dhritarashtra and Páṇḍu and their sons (1826). Line of Yadu, viz. Sahasrada (1843), Haihaya (1844), Kanaka, Kritavírya, Kritavarman (1850), Arjuna, son of Kritavírya, and therefore called Kártavírya (1852), Vṛishņi and Andhaka (1908), Swaphalka (1912), Súra (1922), Vasudeva, or Anakadundubhi ‡, and his sister Prithá (1923—1928). Vasudeva's fourteen wives; the first and best-loved of whom was Rohiņí, mother of Balaráma (1950), and the seventh Devakí, mother of Krishna (1953). Krishna's acquisition of the jewel Syamantaka § (2068). Vishnu's manifestation of himself, and an account of his various incarnations (2200), with his destruction of various daityas or demons (2200-3179). * Khila means any thing which fills up a hole or vacuum; hence, 'a supplement.' This supplement has been translated into French by M. Langlois, and the translation was published by the Oriental Translation Committee. + This agrees with the Vishņu-purána, which also makes S'unahśephas the son or adopted son of Viśwámitra (Wilson, p. 404). As the author of various Súktas, he is called in the Brahmanas, the son of Ajigarta; and in the Rámáyaṇa, he is the son of Richíka; see p. 66 of this volume, note |. So called because drums and tabors (ánaka, dundubhi) were heard in the sky at his birth, besides the ordinary portent of a shower of flowers. § An account of this will be found in my English-Sanskrit Dictionary, under the word Krishna. The second, or Vishņu-parva, gives a detailed biography of Krishṇa. It commences with an account of the Asura Kansa (king of Mathurá and brother of Devakí), and his efforts to destroy the young Krishna, by shutting up Devakí and killing her offspring (3214). We have then all the well-known incidents in the life of Krishna, beginning with his childhood, which are also detailed in the tenth book of the Bhágavat-puráṇa, and its Hindí paraphrase, the Prem Ságar*, as well as in the fifth book of the Vishņu-puráņa (Wilson, p. 491). The third, or Bhavishya-parva, commences with an account of the future condition of the world, and of the corruptions that would prevail during the Kali-yug †, especially at its close (11132). A very similar description will be found in the Vishņupuráņa (Wilson, p. 622). Among other characteristics of the age, the distinctions of caste were to be destroyed (11133), the seasons were to be reversed (11141), and infidel opinions were to be every where prevalent (11176). We have next a curious section called Paushkara (11279). In this is described the production of the lotus (pushkara) out of the navel of Vishņu, while sleeping on the waters, and the development of the globe and all material objects out of the various parts of the plant (11444—11460), Brahmá himself, with four faces and a white turban, being seated in the middle of it (11470). The latter portion of the Bhavishya-parva contains an account of the Váráha, Narasinha, and Vámana, incarnations of Vishņu (12278, &c.), and of his journey to Kailása for the purpose of worshipping Siva and performing penance (14393). The book closes with a metrical summary of all three parvas (16325—16356). * The details will be found in my English-Sanskrit Dictionary, under Krishna. I have not thought it worth while to repeat them here. † The Kali-yug was supposed to commence at the death of Krishna. The events of the Mahá-bhárata must therefore have taken place during the third or Dwápara age, and those of the Rámáyana at the end of the second or Tretá age. From the gambling scene in the Second Act of the Mrichchhakați, it is probable that the names of the four ages are connected with throws of dice; Tretá being the throw of three, which was the second best throw, and Dwápara the throw of two, which was a worse throw, the worst throw of all being Kali. The Hindú notion appears to have been that gambling prevailed especially in the Dwápara and Kali yugas. In the episode of Nala, the personified Dwápara enters into the dice, and the personified Kali into Nala himself, who is then seized with the fatal passion for play. On the subject of the four yugas, see Muir's 'Sanskrit Texts,' vol. I. p. 57; Weber's Ind. Stud. I. 286 and 460. BY MONIER WILLIAMS, M. A., BODEN PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE, arranged with reference to the Classical Languages of Europe, for the use of English_students. 2d edition, published at the Oxford University Press, 1857. Price 138. 6d. STORY OF NALA, a Sanskrit poem, with full vocabulary, and Dean Milman's translation. Published at the Oxford University Press, 1860. Price 158. AN ENGLISH AND SANSKRIT DICTIONARY. Published by the Court of Directors of the East India Company. (W. H. Allen, 1851.) VIKRAMORVASI', a Sanskrit drama, published as a class-book for the East India College. (Stephen Austin, Hertford, 1849.) S'AKUNTALA', a Sanskrit drama. The Devanagarí recension of the text, with critical notes and literal translations. (Stephen Austin, 1853.) A FREE TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH PROSE AND VERSE OF THE SANSKRIT DRAMA S'AKUNTALA'. 3d edition. Price 5s. (Stephen Austin, 1856.) AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF HINDÚSTÁNÍ. Price 2s. 6d. (Longmans, 1859.) ORIGINAL PAPERS illustrating the history of the application of the Roman alphabet to the languages of India. (Longmans, 1859.) BÁGH O BAHÁR, the Hindústání text, with notes, and an Introductory Essay on the application of the Roman alphabet to the languages of India. Price 5s. (Longmans, 1859.) HINDÚSTÁNÍ PRIMER. Price 1s. 8d. (Longmans.) A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE HINDÚSTÁNÍ LANGUAGE. Price 5s. (Longmans.) A SANSKRIT MANUAL, containing the Accidence of Grammar, and Progressive Exercises for composition. Price 5s. 6d. (W. H. Allen and Co., 1862.) THE STUDY OF SANSKRIT IN RELATION TO MISSIONARY WORK IN INDIA: a lecture delivered before the University of Oxford, on April 19, 1861. With notes and additions. Price 2s. (Williams and Norgate, London: J. H. and James Parker, Oxford.) Shortly to be printed. A DICTIONARY, SANSKRIT AND ENGLISH, in one volume. ORIENTAL WORKS Published by WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. BOPP'S COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE SANSKRIT, ZEND, Greek, 3 vols. 8vo. Third Edition. MONIER WILLIAMS. THE STUDY OF SANSKRIT IN RELATION TO Missionary Work in India. An inaugural lecture delivered before the University of Oxford, April 19, 1861, by MONIER WILLIAMS, M. A., Boden Professor of Sanskrit, with notes and additions. 8vo. 28. HALAYUDHA'S ABHIDHANARATNAMALA. A Sanskrit Vocabulary, edited, with Notes and a Sanskrit-English Glossary, by TH. AUFRECHT, Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Edinburgh. 8vo. Cloth. 188. This edition of the Vocabulary of Hala- | collated with others in the Library of the yudha, which is now for the first time printed, East India House and a fragment in the is based on two MSS. in the Bodleian Library, | Royal Library at Berlin. MOOR'S HINDU PANTHEON. A New Edition from the original copper plates. 104 plates, with descriptive letter-press, by the REV. A. P. MOOR. Royal 4to. Cloth boards, gilt. 318. 6d. MACNAGHTEN'S PRINCIPLES OF HINDU AND MOHAMMADAN LAW. Republished from the Principles and Precedents of the same, by SIR WILLIAM MACNAGHTEN. Edited by H. H. WILSON, Boden Professor of Sanskrit, Oxford. 8vo. Cloth. Second Edition. 6s. MAX MÜLLER. ANCIENT SANSKRIT LITERATURE AND THE PRImitive Religion of the Brahmans. A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature as far as it illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans. By MAX MÜLLER, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. 8vo. Cloth. Second Edition, revised. 218. COLEBROOKE'S ESSAYS ON THE RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY OF the Hindus. By the late H. T. COLEBROOKE, Esq. A New Edition. boards. IOS. 6d. 8vo. Cloth CONTENTS: The Vedas-Duties of a Hindu | of the Hindus-Indian Sectaries-Classes— Widow-Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus On the Sect of Jains-Origin &c. of certain and of the Brahmans especially-Philosophy | Muhammedan Sects. |