Children of persons who are or have been citizens of the United States, though born elsewhere, are considered as citizens of the United States.

Any alien, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards,. who has enlisted or shall enlist in the armies of the United. States, either the regular or the volunteer forces, and has been,, or shall be hereafter, honorably discharged, may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States, upon his petition, without any previous declaration of his intention to become a citizen of the United States; and he shall not be required to prove more than one year's residence within the United States previous to his application to become such citizen; and the Court admitting such alien, shall, in addition to such proof of residence and good moral character, as is now provided by law, be satisfied, by competent proof, of such person having been honorably discharged from the service of the United States as aforesaid.

Aliens may be admitted to citizenship by any Court of Record having common-law jurisdiction, and a seal, or clerk or prothonotary.

Questions-What is the right to vote called? Who are called. electors? Who are electors in Michigan? What is an alien? How are aliens naturalized? What is said of residents of the United States between June 18th, 1778, and April 14th, 1802? Of alien minors who arrive in this country while under the age of eighteen years? Of the widow and children of aliens who die before being fully admitted to citizenship? Of aliens having hereditary titles, or belonging to orders of nobility? When will certain aliens not be admitted? What is said of the minor children of naturalized persons? Of children of Ameri. can citizens, born in other countries? What is said of the naturalization of persons who have enlisted in the military service of the United States, and been honorably discharged? In what Courts may aliens be admitted to citizenship?

CHAPTER XVIII.

ELECTIONS

HOW CONDUCTED

CHALLENGE OF PERSONS

OFFERING TO VOTE.

At the general election, the Supervisor, the Justice of the Peace whose term of office will first expire, and the Township Clerk of each township, and the Assessor and Alderman of each ward in a city, or if in any city there be not an Assessor in every ward, then the two Aldermen of each ward, shall be the inspectors of election. These officers constitute a Board.

The Township Clerk, assisted by some other person, acts as clerk of the election. He provides a box with an opening in the lid, through which each ballot received must be inserted, and keeps two lists of the names of all persons voting at the election. The ballot consists of a paper ticket on which is written or printed the names of the persons for whom the voter intends to vote, and the offices to which the persons named on the ballot are intended to be chosen. The person offering to vote delivers his ballot to one of the inspectors, in the presence of the Board.

The inspectors or any elector qualified to vote at the election, may challenge any person offering to vote; that is, may object to such person voting, on the ground that he has not the legal qualifications entitling him to vote. When such a challenge is made, one of the inspectors administers an oath or affirmation to the person challenged, and if such person shall swear or affirm that he is qualified, his vote must be received. The form of the oath, or affirmation, must be such as to contain the grounds of the voter's qualification. Thus,

if he is a citizen of the United States, is twenty-one years of age, and has resided in the State and township or ward during the time required by law, the form of the oath is:

"You do solemnly swear [or affirm] that you are twentyone years of age; that you are a citizen of the United States; that you have resided in this State three months next preceding this day, and in the township (or ward, as the case may be) ten days next preceding this day, and that you have not voted at this election."

Questions-What officers constitute the inspectors of election? Who acts as clerk of the election? What is the clerk required to provide and to do in relation to the election? What is a ballot? In what way do electors vote? What is meant by challenging a person who offers to vote? In what way do the inspectors determine whether a person challenged is qualified to vote?

CHAPTER XIX.

OF ELECTIONS, CONTINUED CANVASS OF VOTES AND RETURN OF STATEMENTS.

When the polls are closed, the ballots are examineɑ ana a statement of the result is prepared in duplicate, and certified to by the inspectors. One of these statements is filed with the township or city clerk, and the other is delivered to one of the inspectors designated by the Board, to attend the county canvass, to be delivered to the county clerk.

The inspectors so designated, from the different towns in the county, meet at the office of the county clerk, on the Tuesday next after the election, and organize themselves into

a Board of Canvassers, and proceed to examine the statements sent from the inspectors.

Sometimes a county has more than one Senatorial or Representative district. In such case each district has a Board of Canvassers, so far as the canvass relates to Senators and Representatives, consisting of the inspectors representing the towns in such districts.

The County Canvassers are required to make a separate statement, containing the whole number of votes given in such county for the State officers, and the names of the persons for whom such votes were given, and the number of votes given for each; another, of the votes given for Representative in Congress. Copies of these statements are sent to the Governor, Secretary of State, and State Treasurer; and the result of the canvass for members of the Legislature is certified to, and delivered to the persons elected.

Questions-When the polls are closed, how are the votes canvassed? Who constitute the Board of County Canvassers? What are their duties? State how the votes are canvassed for Senators and Representatives where the district is less than a whole county. To what persons are the results of the canvass sent?

CHAPTER XX.

OF ELECTIONS, CONTINUED PROCEEDINGS IN CASE OF TIE VOTE CANVASSERS-CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS.

In each election district, for the election of a Senator or Representative, or where, in elections for county officers or members of the Legislature, two or more persons receive an

equal number of votes for the same office, as many strips of paper as there are such persons, are prepared, and on one of the strips is written the word "Elected," and on the others "Not Elected." These are placed in a box and each of the aforesaid persons draws one of the slips therefrom, and the person drawing the slip on which is the word "Elected," is deemed elected to the office in question.

In each election district, of a Senator or Representative, in the State Legislature, the limits of which are greater than those of a county, there is a Board of District Canvassers, composed of the clerks of the several counties within the district, the Judge of Probate and the Sheriff of the county in which the meetings of the Board are held. The result of their canvass is filed with the clerk of the county where their meeting is held, and such clerk sends a copy thereof to the Secretary of State, and another copy to the person elected.

The Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, and the Commissioner of the State Land Office constitute the Board of State Canvassers. These canvassers determine from the returns sent by the county clerks, who are elected State officers and Representatives in Congress, to whom the Secretary of State sends certificates of election. They also determine who are elected Electors of President and Vice-President.

The Legislature sometimes proposes amendments to the constitution, and submits them to the people, who at the general election vote thereon. The State canvassers determine the vote of the people, on such measures.

Questions-In the election of county officers and members of the Legislature, what course is pursued when two or more persons receive an equal number of votes for the same office? Who compose the board of canvassers, where the limits of the Senatorial and Representative districts are greater than a county? What disposition is made with the statement of the result of the canvass in such cases? What officers constitute the Board of State Canvassers? What are their duties?