11. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years.

12. To provide and maintain a navy.

13. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces.

14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.

15. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States; reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress.

16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; and

17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

SECTION 9.-GENERAL PROHIBITIONS.

1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to

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admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall be passed.

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on any articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

SECTION 10.-PROHIBITIONS UPON THE STATES. 1. Absolute.-No State shall (1) enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; (2) grant letters of marque

and reprisal; (3) coin money; (4) emit bills of credit; (5) make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; (6) pass any bill of attainer, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or (7) grant any title of nobility.

2. Except by Consent of Congress.-No State shall, without consent of congress, (1) lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No State shall, without the consent of the congress, (2) lay any duty of tonnage, (3) keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, (4) enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or (5) engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II-Executive.

SECTION 1.-THE PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT.

1. Election.-The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years; and together with the vice-president chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of

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trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

(Paragraph 3 has been superseded and annulled by 12th amendment.)

4. The congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

5. Qualifications.-No person, except (1) a natural born citizen or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution shall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have (2) attained to the age of thirty-five years, and (3) been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

6. Vacancy. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation or inablity to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, thesame shall devolve on the vice-president; and the congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the president and vicepresident, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected.

7. Salary. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

8. Oath.-Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath of affirmation:

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States; and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the United States."

SECTION 2.-POWERS.

1. The president shall be (1) commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States. He may (2) require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall (3) have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeach

ment.

2. He shall (4) have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided twothirds of the senators present concur; and he shall (5) nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate shall appoint, (a) ambassadors, (b) other public ministers and consuls, (c) judges of the supreme court, and (d) all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

3. The president shall (6) have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.