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TABLE XIII.-PROVINCES OF BRANDENBURG, POSEN, SAXONY, WESTPHALIA, AND THE RHINE.1

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1 Seminaries for female teachers.

BAVARIA.

The Bavarian regulations prescribe that those who intend to devote themselves to the profession of teaching shall not only acquire the nec essary knowledge, but be subjected to a thorough training of the character. The mere instruction is to be reduced and the training to be rendered more permanent in effect. The design of the whole course of instruction is to educate teachers true to their faith and their country, obedient to the laws, and interested in their profession. The education. of the teacher includes the preliminary training, the seminary course, and the continuation of professional studies after the seminary course. The preliminary course is to begin at the end of the thirteenth year, or not later than the end of the fifteenth, and lasts three years. The candidates are admitted to it upon an examination by the joint commission of the districts, and are taught in the preparatory seminaries of the districts, or by teachers selected for this purpose by the school authorities. In most cases teachers living in the country and in smaller towns are selected, in order that the young students may be accustomed to simple habits. The course of instruction includes, besides the ordinary branches of the elementary schools, music, drawing, horticulture, and agriculture. Between the ages of 17 and 20, the candidate who is physically sound and able to furnish the necessary testimonials of capacity and good character may be admitted to the regular teachers' seminary, upon special examination before a board composed of a government commissioner, a delegate of the church authorities, the director, and two teachers of a seminary. The seminary course is of two years' duration. The branches of study are: Religion, language, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, penmanship, music, history of education, science of education, natural history, general history, agriculture, gymnastics, and drawing. The pupils all live in the seminary buildings.

Examinations.-The graduating examinations take place at the end

of each scholastic year. The graduates receive diplomas, marked I, II, or III, according to their standing. Those receiving diplomas may be employed as assistant teachers, and after two years' professional service as regular teachers.

Appointments.-The appointment of teachers, as well as their suspension and dismissal, is in the hands of the departmental school boards. Nominations can be made only of those who have passed an examination, and for cities only those marked I. Appointments to united school and church service (teacher and sexton) must also have the approval of the church authorities. A teacher who is once definitely appointed cannot be removed unless he is physically or morally unfit to continue his services.

Salaries and pensions.-The salaries of teachers in cities range from 400 to 800 florins,1 and those of country teachers from 200 to 500 florins. They receive besides a dwelling and fuel. Disabled teachers receive a retiring pension from their last place. The old and sick are frequently allowed an assistant, and thus occupy their places until death.

Statistics.-Bavaria has 35 preparatory seminaries to which graduates of the elementary schools are admitted. The total number of teachers in the preparatory seminaries in 1875 was 161, and the number of pupils 1,276. The expenditure amounted to 208,682 florins. The regular teachers' seminaries numbered 89, and the number of students 786; total expenditure, 255,261 florins.

WÜRTEMBERG.

Statistics.-Würtemberg had, in 1873, 2,085 teachers. For the training of teachers there were 2 Protestant state seminaries, with 52 teachers; a Catholic state seminary, with 7 teachers; 6 Protestant private seminaries, with 34 teachers; and a Catholic private seminary, with 5 teachers. The total number of students was 658, of whom 55 were females.

Method of training teachers.-The usual method of training teachers is this: The candidates are subjected to a preliminary examination before a committee specially appointed for this purpose. If they pass creditably, they receive permission to begin the preparatory course, either with or without the promise of receiving pecuniary assistance from the government. This preparatory course lasts three years, the first of which is the so-called trial course. They are then subjected to another examination, and when they have passed receive further instruction in the seminary in the following branches: Religion, pedagogics, a thorough knowledge of man as to body and mind, logic, physical and mental faculties of children, and the best methods of developing them, fundamental principles of education, historical development of elementary

The Bavarian florin = 41.17 cents, gold.

schools in Würtemberg and Germany, language, grammar, composition, speeches, history of literature, method of teaching the mother tongue, mathematics, arithmetic, algebra and geometry, natural history, the natural productions of the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, natural philosophy, elements of chemistry and physics, geography, maps and globes, physical, mathematical, and political geography, history, Greek and Roman history, general history, and special history of Würtemberg and Germany, agriculture, penmanship, drawing, music, and gymnastics.

Examinations.-The teachers must pass the following examinations: first, the preliminary examination for admission to the preparatory course; second, the examination for admission to the normal course; third, the first examination for office, to obtain appointme nt as assistant; fourth, the second examination for office, to obtain permanent appointment. To the first examination those candidates are admitted who are at least 15 years of age, of sound health and good character. To pass this examination the candidate must have the accomplishments of a good pupil of an elementary school. The conditions for admission to the teachers' seminary are, age sixteen years, and a certificate of having satisfactorily completed the preparatory course. The candidates are examined in religion, German, arithmetic, natural history, music, penmanship, geometry, and drawing. The first examination for office takes place at the end of the seminary course, and is conducted on the Prussian system. In the second examination for office, to which no one is admitted before he has passed his twenty-second year and before he has been at least two years in active service, the candidate must master the subjects of examination more thoroughly; he must be better acquainted with the science and methods of teaching and discipline, and must possess more extensive knowledge of natural science, history, and geography.

Salaries. The salaries of teachers range from 800 to 1,800 marks.1 Most of the teachers receive besides a dwelling and a garden.

Pensions.-The following is a summary of the pension law of 1865 : No teacher has a right to a pension. School authorities, however, are authorized to pension a teacher after nine years' service, if the applicant is either 70 years of age or disabled by disease. If a teacher recovers from disease that made him a pensioner, he must be reappointed to a teacher's place where his salary is not less than before. After nine years' service the pension amounts to 40 per cent. of the regular salary. With every additional year of service the pension increases 13 per cent. if the salary was less than 2,400 marks, and 13 per cent. if the salary exceeded that amount.

The government grant to the pension fund in 1876 amounted to 345,300 marks. The number of pensioners was 2,110.

1 The Prussian mark = 23.8 cents, gold.

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