THE ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE.

In the year 1803, a private college was founded for the education of
the sons of military officers stationed at the fortress of Feitoria. The
initiative of this foundation was due to Colonel Dom Antonio Teixeira
Rebello, who was afterward the first director of the Royal Military Col-
lege. Some time later this institution received a subsidy from the gov-
ernment at a rate of 24 cents per day for each pupil. From this pri-
vate institution arose the Royal Military College, which was regularly
chartered and organized in 1814.

The object of the college was to be twofold: first, to reward the
services of officers of the army and navy by giving gratuitous instruc-
tion to their sons; secondly, to furnish the latter with a military educa-
tion.

According to the original system, which was in force until 1850, a com-
plete course of instruction was provided for officers for the infantry,
cavalry, and artillery.

The professorships of fortification and topography having been dis-
continued, the pupils now complete the infantry course in the army
school, and are thereupon promoted to the rank of ensign. The present
number of students is 196. The sum of $18,000 is annually appropri
ated for this college. The staff of teachers consists of 1 director, (who is
a general of brigade,) 1 subdirector, 1 adjutant, 1 secretary, 1 quarter-
master, 4 staff officers, 1 surgeon, 1 chaplain, and 7 professors.

PRIMARY INSTRUCTION.

There are 2 primary normal schools, one for boys and one for girls.
They were created by the decree of December 14, 1869, for the training
of teachers for primary schools. The first has 2 professors, one re-
ceiving a salary of $400, the other $300 per annum. They direct the
primary school attached to the normal school. The second school has
1 head master at a salary of $250 and 3 female teachers at a salary
of $200 each. These normal schools accommodate 40 pupils, for each
of whom the government gives a subsidy of $6 a month.

In 1862 there were in Portugal 1,336 public schools for boys and 127
for girls. In 1874 there were already 1,987 of the former and 458 of
the latter. On the adjacent islands in 1862 there were 93 male and 26
female teachers, and in 1874 these numbers had increased to 127 and
47 respectively. Besides these there were 8 municipal schools for boys
and 4 for girls. The total number of public schools in 1874 was 2,631.
In 1874 the number of male and female teachers in the kingdom was
1,987 and 458, respectively, and on the islands it was 127 and 47, respect-
ively. Besides these there were 8 male and 4 female teachers in mu-
nicipal schools. The total number of teachers was thus 2,631, viz:
2,122 men and 509 women.

The following table shows the number of schools and pupils on the
continent and in the adjacent islands from 1869 to 1872:

The following table presents the statistics of examinations of pupils
for advancement from the primary schools to the lyceums; also of ex-
aminations of candidates for primary teacherships, from 1870 to 1872,
both on the continent of Portugal and on the adjacent islands:

Statistics of public primary schools, according to districts, for the year 1871-'72.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

For special instruction there are the following institutions: The Royal Academies of Fine Arts at Lisbon and Oporto and the Royal Conservatory of Music at Lisbon.

The Royal Academy of Fine Arts at Lisbon had its origin in the school of design, established in 1781. The branches of instruction are historical, decorative, and architectural drawing; historical and landscape painting; sculpture; historical engraving; wood engraving, and drawing from life. The institution has 6 professors, receiving a salary of $500 each. The number of pupils in 1873-74 was 224.

The Academy of Fine Arts at Oporto had its origin in a school of drawing, founded in 1779. It consists of four schools or courses, viz: first, historical drawing; second, historical painting; third, civil architecture; fourth, sculpture, perspective drawing, and anatomy. There are 4 professors, receiving a salary of $500 each.

The government gives a subsidy to four or five artists who desire to study the fine arts in foreign countries.

The Royal Conservatory of Music consists of a school of dramatic art and a school of music. The first one has three professors, viz: one of acting, receiving a salary of $500; one of declamation, at a salary of $300; one of grammar and pronunciation, at a compensation of $100.

In the school of music there are 10 professors, nine of whom receive a salary of $200 each and one a salary of $300.

Statistics of the Royal Conservatory of Music for the years 1871-1874.

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL INSTRUCTION.

The Industrial Institute of Lisbon and the Industrial School of Oporto were established in 1852-'53. To the Lisbon Institute was afterward added the school of commerce, founded by the Marquis of Pombal. At first the instruction in the institute was limited to industrial and com. mercial branches, but it now embraces the following courses: General instruction for artisans, the training of directors for factories and industrial establishments, of foremen and assistant foremen, of conductors for public works, makers of instruments of precision, telegraphic operators, &c.

The following are the statistics of the institute from 1870 to 1873:

The school has 10 professors, at a salary of $700 each, and 1 professor of French and English, at a salary of $500. The administrative staff consists of a director, at a salary of $300; 1 librarian and secretary, at $400; 1 clerk, 1 custos, and 1 keeper of the schools, at a salary of $300 each.

An instrument manufactory is attached to the school. It is under the supervision of a director, who receives a salary of $600 a year. The estimated expenditure for 1875-76 was $14,320.

The Industrial Institute of Oporto has the same organization, with 9 professors at a salary of $700 each and 1 at $500. The expenditure for 1875-76 was $10,770.

AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION.

By the decree of 1852 instruction in agriculture is divided into elementary and higher. For elementary instruction, district gardens were established in 1852; and in 1869 a decree was issued establishing exper imental stations in the districts and elementary courses on agriculture in the lyceums.

For higher instruction in agriculture, there is the general institute of agriculture, established in 1852 and incorporated in 1855, with the school of veterinary surgery. In some districts elementary stations and courses on agriculture are established, which are open to all who desire to acquire a general knowledge of agriculture. Certificates of qualification are not issued.

The general institute of agriculture embraces courses on tillage and veterinary science, and has 10 professors at a salary of $700 each and 1 professor of drawing at a salary of $500. The administrative staff consists of a director, 5 assistant professors, and superintendents of the various divisions.

SCIENTIFIC ESTABLISHMENTS-ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The Royal Academy of Sciences was founded in 1779, at the suggestion of the Duke of Latoes and the Abbot José Correia da Serra. The academy was originally divided into three classes, viz: natural sciences, mathematical sciences, and literature. Each class was intended to have

S active members. Afterward the number of supernumerary fellows was fixed at 12, the number of honorary at 12, and that of the corre sponding members at 100.

ASTRONOMICAL ESTABLISHMENTS.

Portugal has three astronomical establishments, viz: the Royal Astronomical Observatory of Lisbon, the observatory of the university of Coimbra, and the observatory of the Lisbon Polytechnic School. In. 1874 the old marine astronomical observatory, at Lisbon, was annexed to the naval school. Its object was to regulate the chronometers and to correct the errors of the instruments of the war vessels. The observatory was established in 1798 for the practical training of naval officers. The institution received all the necessary instruments; but some years later these were sent to Brazil, (then a Portuguese colony,) where the court remained during the French invasion in 1809.

The observatory did not emerge from obscurity until 1856, in which year the most necessary instruments were supplied in order to enable it to fulfil the purpose for which it had been established. The principal instruments which this observatory possesses are the transit circle, by Repsold, (with 1.36 metres focal distance and an object glass .1 metre in diameter,) one transit instrument, one refracting telescope, and one universal, by Repsold.

The observatory possesses various other instruments, among them a zygometer, constructed by Sr. José Mauricio Vieira, of the Lisbon Industrial Institute.

The Royal Astronomical Observatory of Lisbon is situated in the royal park of the Ajuda, between Lisbon and Belem, on a hill 93 metres high. The plan of the observatory is similar to that of Pulkowa.

The collection of instruments in the observatory consists of one large equatorial, with 7 metres focal distance and an object glass of .38 metre diameter; one transit instrument, (Struve's,) with 2.31 metres focal distance; one transit circle, with an object glass of 15 metre diameter and 2 metres focal distance; one transit instrument, (Oom's,) with an object glass of .07 metre diameter, and .78 metre focal distance; one refracting telescope; one normal clock, by Krille; various chronometers and clocks; one time marker; electric apparatus; one zygometer; barometers; thermometers; and telegraphic apparatus.

To bring the observatory to proper perfection a large equatorial is still to be put up.

Owing to its geographical position, this observatory is likely to occupy an important place in European astronomy, for which it furnishes already excellent instruments and a very efficient staff.

The Observatory of Coimbra, the foundation of which is due to the Marquis of Pombal, stands near the university buildings, and is chiefly intended for the practical instruction in astronomy of the students in the mathematical course. The principal instruments which it possesses