n. 166. His differences with Congress, n. 46, p. 85. His
notable vetoes, n. 67, pp. 92, 93. The grounds and failure
of his impeachment, n. 194. His views as to the supre-
macy of law, n. 239. His views as to resolutions propos-
ing constitutional amendments, n. 236. His views upon
the 14th constitutional amendment, n. 275. His condi-
tions imposed upon the rebel States, n. 276. His recom-

mendation to Congress to retrace its steps, n. 281.
Disbanded the militia of the District of Columbia,

n. 249.

JOHNSON, RICHARD M. Vice-President, n. 87, p. 77.
JOHNSON, THOMAS. Associate Justice, n. 197, p. 193.
JOHNSON, WILLIAM. Associate Justice, n. 197, p. 193.

JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL, of Connecticut. Signed the Consti-
tution, pp. 42, 252.

JOURNAL. Each house of Congress shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal

JOURNAL. When the President shall return a bill, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, those objections shall be entered at large on their journal, and the votes, by yeas and nays, on the reconsideration of such bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. (See Bill.)...

JUDGES of the Supreme Court. The President shall nominate,
and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
appoint the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United
States

JUDGES of the Supreme and inferior courts shall hold their offices
during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive
for their services a compensation which shall not be
diminished during their continuance in office..
During good behavior defined, n. 197. Those who hold
their offices for a term of years are not constitutional
judges, n. 197. The court in 1868, n. 197. Since the
foundation of the government, n. 197, p. 193.
The com-
pensation, n. 198.
JUDGES. The judges in every State shall be bound by the Consti-
tution, laws, and treaties-any thing in the Constitution or
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

The courts will declare State Constitutions and laws
which violate the paramount law, void, n. 241.

JUDGMENT, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law..

Judgment defined, n. 40. Can neither go beyond nor fall short, Id. Touches neither person nor property, Id. JUDGMENTS. (See Acts-Authentication-Credit-Faith-Judicial Proceedings.) Where the jurisdiction has attached, the judgment is conclusive, n. 218, p. 214. If there has

been service or defense, nothing is open (not even fraud
between the parties and privies) save the question of
jurisdiction, Id. But they are subject to limitation,
n. 218, p. 215. They are conclusive evidence, Id. They are
not foreign, but domestic, n. 218, pp. 215, 219. They can
be controverted for want of service, Id. p. 217. The
courts will notice the local laws under which they were
rendered, n. 219. The rule only applies to judgments of
courts of record, Id. Not to judgments of the courts of
the United States, n. 219, p. 219. How they must be cer-
tified, Id. Nil debet is not a good plea, n. 219, p. 220.

The judgment determines all which might have been liti-
gated in the cause, Id.
JUDICIAL power. The judicial power of the United States shall
be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior
courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and
establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compen-
sation which shall not be diminished during their con-
tinuance in office

3 1

86, 189

Judicial power defined, n. 195. Its objects, Id.
(See Courts-Inferior Courts-Judges' Compensation.)
JUDICIAL power. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in
law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of
the United States, and the treaties made, or which shall be
made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambas-
sadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to
which the United States shall be a party; to contro-
versies between two or more States; between a State and
the citizens of another State; between citizens of different
States; between citizens of the same State, claiming lands
under grants of different States; and between a State, or
the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 3
Judicial, as contradistinguished from legislative and
executive power, n. 199. Does not extend to all questions,
Id. As to various political treaties, Id. Case defined and
treated, notes 199, 200, 201. (See Ambassadors, n. 202.
Admiralty, n. 203.) Controversies to which the United
States shall be a party explained, n. 204. The power over
suits between States, n. 205. Between a State and citizens
of another State, n. 205a. Between citizens of different
States. (See Citizens, n. 206.) Between citizens of the
same State claiming land, &c. explained, n. 207. Between
States or the citizens and foreign States, &c., 208, 209.
(See Aliens, n. 209.)

JUDICIAL power. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other
public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State
shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have ori-
ginal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before men-
tioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdic-
tion, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and
under such regulations, as the Congress shall make...

Original jurisdiction defined and discussed, n. 210.
Jurisdiction defined, n. 210. When the suit and when
the parties give jurisdiction in, Id. Appellate juris-
diction defined, n. 211. What question must have
been made to give appellate jurisdiction, n. 211, p. 207.
Congress cannot confer the power to grant a new
trial, Id. Where a State is a party defined.
JUDICIAL power. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im-
peachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in
the State where the said crimes shall have been committed;
but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be
at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed.

(See Trial, n. 212) (Impeachment, notes 39, 191-194.)
Jury, n. 212. The jury not the judges of the law, Id. Why
in the State, n. 213. Where offenses committed out of the
State are tried, n. 214.

JUDICIAL proceedings. Full faith, credit, proof, and effect to be
given in each State to the acts, records, and judicial pro-
ceedings of every other State..

(See Judgments, notes 218, 219.) Judicial proceedings
defined, n. 218. How proved. n. 219, p. 218, § 1. Of every
State defined, n. 218, p. 219. How authenticated, Id.
When so proved have full faith, Id. 220.

JUDICIAL officers, both of the United States and the several States,

.

2

3 2 2

37, 194

87,204

3 2 3

37,209

1 38, 213

shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Con-
stitution..

The reason why, n. 242. The oath; the test oath, Id.
JUDICIAL power. The judicial power of the United States shall
not be construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity,
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States,
by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of
any foreign State. Amendments..

This is an amendment of the third section, notes 205a,
270. It was to prevent individual suits against States,
n. 170. It included suits then pending, Id. Does not extend
to admiralty, n. 272. The State is not a party unless it so
appear on the record, n. 272.

JURISDICTION. The judicial power shall extend to all cases of
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction..

(See Admiralty, n. 203. See Judicial Power.)
JURISDICTION. Original and appellate; in the Supreme

Court

Original jurisdiction, defined and discussed, n. 210.
State courts have none over a consul, n. 210, p. 205.
Appellate, when exercised, and the rules in, n. 211.
JURISDICTION. A person charged in any State with treason, felony,
or other crime, and fleeing from justice, to be delivered
up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
crine...

JURISDICTION. No new State shall be erected within the jurisdic-
tion of any other State.

How West Virginia was erected, n. 235.

JURY. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,
shall be by jury...

Jury defined; what must concur to make; not judges
of the law in criminal cases; must be a presentment or
indictment before there can be a trial, n. 212.

JURY. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other-
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict-
ment of a grand jury, &c. Amendments..
(See Indictment-Presentment. See notes 253-257, and
267.)
JURY. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of
the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed, which district shall have been previously,
ascertained by law. Amendments....

JURY. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by a jury
shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be
otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States
than according to the rules of the common law. Amend-
ments.......

JUSTICE.

This includes all suits except those in equity or
admiralty, n. 263. Parties may waive jury trial, n. 263.
Constitution ordained in order to establish. Preamble.
Justice defined, and how to be attained, n. 8.
JUSTICE. The Chief-Justice shall preside when the President is
tried on an impeachment..

JUSTICE. Fugitives from justice to be delivered up and removed
to the State having jurisdiction of the crime

(See Fugitive, note 223.) Copied from the Articles
of Confederation, Art. IV. p. 10. (See Delivered Up,
n. 224.)

KANSAS. Qualifications for suffrage in. n. 17, p. 61. One repre-
sentative, n. 24. Population, n. 24, pp. 69, 70. Assigned to
the eighth judicial circuit, n. 197, p. 192. Admitted into
the Union, n. 230. Ratified the 13th amendment, n. 274;
and the 14th, n. 275.

KENTUCKY. Qualifications for suffrage in, n. 17, p. 61. Nine rep-
resentatives, n. 24. Population during the different

11

decades, n. 24, p. 69, 70. Assigned to the sixth judicial
circuit, n. 197, p. 192. Admitted into the Union, n. 230.
Rejected the 18th amendment, n. 274; and the 14th,
n. 275.
KING, prince, or foreign State. No title of nobility shall be
granted by the United States, and no person holding any
office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolu-
ments, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any
king, prince, or foreign State..

Office defined, n. 151. The inhibition does not extend
to private citizens, n. 151.

KING, RUFUS, of Massachusetts. Signed the Constitution, pp. 41, 252.
KING, WILLIAM R. Vice-President, n. 37. Presiding officer of
the Senate, n. 38, p. 80.

LABOR. No person held to service or labor in one State, shall be
discharged from such service or labor in another State....
This means slaves or apprentices, n. 226. (See Fugitive,
n. 206.)
LAND. A civil law conveyance of, how proved, n. 219, p. 221. A
Territory is the compass or tract of, &c. (See Territory,
n. 231.) Land and territory are equivalents, Id.
A grant
of, is a title emanating from the sovereignty of the soil,
n. 207.

LAND and naval forces. Congress shall have power to make rules
for the government and regulation of the land and naval
forces..

To make defined; the rules where found, n. 129.
LAND ceded to or purchased by the United States. Congress shall
have power to exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases
whatsoever, over all places purchased by the consent of
the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for
the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and
other needful buildings..

(See Arsenals-District.)

LAND forces. (See Army-Militia.)
LANDS. The judicial power shall extend to controversies between
citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of
different States..

If the grants are from different States, the federal court
has jurisdiction, n. 207.

LANGDON, JOHN, of New Hampshire. Signed the Constitution,
pp. 41, 250. Presiding officer of the Senate, n. 38, p. 78.
LANGWORTHY, EDWARD, of Georgia. Signed Articles of Confeder-
ation, p. 21.

LAURENS, HENRY, of S. C. Signed Articles of Confederation, p. 21.
LAW. The actual enumeration of the people, or census, shall be
made within three years after the first meeting of the
Congress of the United States, and within every subse-
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by
law direct...

LAW. A person convicted on an impeachment shall, nevertheless,
be liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment,
according to law...

LAW. The times, places, and manner, of holding elections for
senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each
State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at
any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except
as to the places of choosing senators..

If the legislature fail, the governor may name a reason-
able time, notes 30, 41. The power, how far exercised by
Congress, n. 41. Does not give the power to fix the quali-
fications, n. 41. Denied since the 13th amendment, n. 274.
LAW. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year

and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in Decem-
ber, unless they shall by law appoint a different day......

LAW.

LAW. The senators and representatives shall receive a compen-
sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and
paid out of the treasury of the United States...
Every bill which shall have passed the House of Repre-
sentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be
presented to the President of the United States; if he
approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with
his objections to that house in which it shall have origi-
nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon-
sideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered,
and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall be-
come a law.

When laws take effect, n. 96. Cannot go behind the
written law, n. 96.
LAW. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within
ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre-
sented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as
if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjourn
ment, prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a

LAW.

law

Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of
the Senate and House of Representatives may be neces-
sary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be pre-
sented to the President of the United States; and before
the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or
being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds
of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill..
When a joint resolution becomes law, n. 70.
LAW of nations. Congress shall have power to define and punish
piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and
offenses against the law of nations....

Many offenses against, not crimes, n. 115. Offenses
against must be punished, how, Id. Defined and dis-
cussed, n. 116.

LAW. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be
passed...

(See Attainder, n. 142 ) Ex post facto law defined and
discussed, notes 143, 156.

LAW. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse-
quence of appropriations made by law..

LAW. No State shall pass any ex post facto law..
Ex post facto law defined, n. 156.

LAW. No State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of

contracts..

(See Contracts, n. 157.) What laws enter into the con-
tract, n. 157, pp. 155, 156. The law must not so change the
remedy as to impair the contract, n. 157. A law repealing
a bank charter does not impair. A bridge charter is a con-
tract, n. 157. Because a law is retrospective merely, does
not impair, n. 158. Exemption laws do impair, n. 159,
Stay laws may, n. 160. Laws which affect the remedy
merely do not, n. 161.

LAW. In case of the removal, death, resignation or inability,
of both President and Vice-President, Congress shall
by law declare what officer shall then act as Presi-
dent

The law of Congress for supplying vacancies, n. 172.
LAW. The President shall have power, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, to appoint officers not provided
for in the Constitution, and whose offices shall be estab-
lished by law; but the Congress inay, by law, vest the
appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper
in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the
heads of departments..