meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless
they shall by law appoint a different day.

The sessions defined by the law of 1867, n. 43.

CONGRESS of the United States:-
Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each
shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller
number may adjourn from day to day, and may be author-
ized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such
manner and under such penalties as each house may
provide.

The elections, returns, and qualifications defined, notes
44, 45, 46, with reference to notes 19, 35, and 41. The dif-
ferences between the President and Congress presented,
n. 46. Superadded qualifications, n. 46, pp. 85, 86.
Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish
its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concur-
rence of two-thirds, expel a member..

Sam

The rules, where found, n. 47. This gives the power to
punish members and others for contempts, n. 48.
Houston's case, n. 48. Expulsion defined, n. 49. Expul-
sion for rebellion, n. 50.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from
time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as
may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and
nays of the members of either house, on any question,
shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered
on the journal

The object of the journal, and yeas and nays, n. 51.
Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without
the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days,
nor to any other place than that in which the two houses
shall be sitting

The reasons of this rule, n. 52.

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur
with amendments, as on other bills

Why

The present compensation and reason, n. 53.
ascertained by law, n. 54. Privilege defined, n. 55. For
what offenses not privileged, n. 56. To whom and how long
the privilege from arrest extends, n. 57. The consequences
of arrest, n. 58. When the privilege commences, n. 59.
Contestants entitled to it, n. 60. Freedom of debate, n. 61.
To what confined, n. 61, p. 90.
Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representa-
tives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be pre-
sented to the President of the United States; if he approve,
he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his
objections, to that house in which it shall have originated,
who shall enter the objections at large on their journal,
and proceed to reconsider it....

Bills take effect from approval, n. 66. The negative is
the veto power, n. 67, p. 92. Veto defined; its objects and
history, n. 67, pp. 92, 93. President Johnson's use of
it, Id.

If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the
objections, to the other bouse, by which it shall likewise
be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that
house, it shall become a law.

Two-thirds of a quorum sufficient, n. 68.
But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be deter-
mined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons
voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the
journal of each house, respectively..

If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented
to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he

had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment,
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.....
The President must have ten clear days, n. 69.
Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of
the Senate and House of Representatives may be neces-
sary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be pre-
sented to the President of the United States, and, before
the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or,
being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds
of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill...
The effect of joint resolutions, and the reason of this
rule, n. 70.

CONGRESS SHALL HAVE POWER:

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay
the debts, and provide for the common defense and
general welfare of the United States; but all duties, im-
posts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United
States...

Power defined and discussed, and the word compared
by marginal references, n. 71. Taxes defined, notes 22, 72,
144, which notes distinguish direct and indirect. The ex-
tent of the power, n. 73. Of States over national banks,
n. 74. Duties defined, n. 75. Imposts defined, notes 75,
144. Excise defined and discussed, n. 77. Debts defined,
n. 78, p. 97. The amount each year, from the foundation
of the government, n. 78, pp. 97, 98. The debt, Nov. 1,
1867, n. 78, pp. 99, 100. To provide for the common de-
fense defined, notes 10, 78. The doctrines of the different
schools, n. 79, p. 101. The Confederate States Constitu
tion, n. 79, pp. 101, 102. And general welfare defined,
notes 11, 80. Uniformity, notes 22, 81, 144, 145.
To borrow money on the credit of the United States...

Each term defined, notes 82, 83. Under what laws
treasury notes have been issued. Money and legal ten-
ders defined and discussed, notes 82, 83, 97, 98, 129, 155. Ex-
amples of contracts payable in treasury notes, n. 84, pp.
104, 105.

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the
several States, and with the Indian tribes..

To regulate defined, n. 85. Commerce defined, n. 86. With
foreign nations and the States defined. n. 106, pp. 105, 106.
The laws of States which violate, notes 88, 89. Eminent do-
main, n. 89. Extent of judicial power over it, n. 89. Concur
rent powers of the States, n. 89, p. 108. The power as to
slaves, p. 90. Commerce with the Indian tribes, n. 91. Their
ownership of soil, n. 91. With the tribes defined, n. 91,
p. 110. Indians not subject to internal revenue tax,
p. 110. The subject discussed, n. 91, pp. 110, 111. The re-
lations of the tribes defined, n. 92.

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform
laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United
States..

Naturalization defined, n. 93. Carries expatriation, n.
93. The subject discussed, n. 274. Exclusive in Congress,
Id. Bankrupt defined, n. 94. And bankruptcy, n. 95.
The power of the States over the subject, n. 96.
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin;
and fix the standard of weights and measures..

To coin and money defined, notes 97, 98. Is it the only
legal tender? notes 82, 83, 84, 97, 98, 155. Coin has no
pledge of redemption, n. 98. History of regulating value,
n. 99. No express grant of power to make gold and silver
a legal tender, n. 100. Intrinsic value, n. 100. To fix de-
fined, n. 101. The acts of Congress on weights and
measures, n. 102, pp. 116, 117, 118. The metric system
authorized, n. 102, p. 117, § 1. The tables, Id. § 2. Mea-
sures of length, Id. Of surface, Id. Of capacity, Id. p. 118.

Of weights, n. 202, p. 118. A ton, n. 102, pp. 116, 118.
The spirit measure, n. 102, p. 116.

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities
and current coin of the United States..

To establish post-offices and post-roads..

To establish, defined and compared with the word else-
where, n. 104; as in notes 8, 13, 93, 94, 95, 195, 243, 245.
Post-offices defined, and their history and present stand-
ing given, n. 106. Post-roads defined, n. 106.

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by secur-
ing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the
exclusive right to their respective writings and dis-
coveries..

To promote, and every word and phrase, defined, n. 107,
pp. 121, 122.
Inventors defined, and the law discussed,

n. 108.

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court.

To constitute, and tribunals, defined, and doctrine stated,
n. 109. When bound by State decisions, Id.
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the
high seas, and offenses against the law of nations.

"To define" defined, n. 110. To punish defined, and
death punishment stated, n. 111. Piracy and pirate de-
fined, n. 112. Felony defined and discussed, n. 118. High
seas defined, n. 114. Offenses against the law of nations
defined and discussed, n. 115. Law of nations defined,
n. 116.

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and
make rules concerning captures on land and water...

War, civil war, and our forms of declaring, defined and
given, n. 117. Gives the right to acquire territory, n. 118.
Citizens of the countries at war are personally at war,
n. 118. Their disabilities, n. 118. The effects of the late
rebellion, n. 118. Marauders and bushwhackers not pro-
tected, n. 118, p. 128. Allegiance during civil war, n. 118,
p. 129. Gives the right of conscription, notes 118, 121, 124.
Marque and reprisal defined, notes 119, 120, 121. The
power under the Confederation, Arts. VI., VII, VIII.,
pp. 11-18.

To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money
to that use shall be for a longer term than two years...

This power did not exist in Congress under the Confed-
eration, n. 122. To raise and support, and armies, defined,
123, 124, 125. (See Armies.)

To provide and maintain a navy

This power defined and discussed, n. 127. The sovereign
rights on public ships, n. 127, p. 133. Ranks in the navy,
Id. The right of Habeas Corpus over enlistments, n. 141,
p. 145.

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land
and naval forces...

For where these rules are to be found, see n. 129.
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of
the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions...
Militia defined, n. 130, and the laws in relation to calling
them out, n. 180. The laws to be executed, notes 181,
238, 240. Insurrection defined and discussed, notes 132,
234, 235. Invasion, the law about, n. 133.
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia,
and for governing such part of them as may be employed
in the service of the United States, reserving to the States,
respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the
authority of training the militia according to the discipline
prescribed by Congress

This power defined and discussed, n. 134. The subject
of conscription, n. 184.

To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by

cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress,
become the seat of the government of the United States,
and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by
the consent of the legislature of the State in which the
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
dock-yards, and other needful buildings.

Ceded by Maryland and Virginia, n. 186. The power to
tax in, n. 137. Jurisdiction over forts and arsenals, n. 187.
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other
powers vested by this Constitution in the government of
the United States, or in any department or office thereof..

Necessary, and this incidental power, defined and dis-
cussed, and authorities collected, notes 138, 274. Gives
Congress the incidental and instrumental powers, n. 138.
CONGRESS. The migration or importation of such persons as any
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit,
shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year
1808, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importa-
tion, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.........
Migration defined, and the clause, n. 189.

CONGRESS. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United
States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust
under them shall, without the consent of Congress, accept
of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State..

Title of nobility defined, n. 150. Office defined, n. 151.
CONGRESS. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid
by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use
of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws
shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
This article discussed, notes 162, 163, 164. Imposts on
imports defined, n. 162. Necessary explained, n. 162.
CONGRESS. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay
any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships-of-war, in time
of peace-enter into any agreement or compact with an-
other State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war,
unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as
will not admit of delay

Tonnage defined, n. 164. Troops means armies, n. 164.
CONGRESS. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legis-
lature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to
the whole number of senators and representatives to
which the State may be entitled in the Congress

The choice now by elections, n. 167. The same who
choose Congress, n. 167.

CONGRESS. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes;
which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
The days fixed by law, n. 168c.

CONGRESS. The Congress may, by law, provide for the case of
removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the Pre-
sident and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall
then act as President, and such officer shall act accord-
ingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall
be elected..

The act of Congress upon the subject, n. 172, § 8, 9.
List of Vice-Presidents who have become President, n. 172.
CONGRESS. The Congress may by law vest the appointment of
such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the Presi-
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart-

ments

Clerks and commissioners of courts are such, n. 183.
(See Civil Officers.)

CONGRESS. The President shall, from time to time, give to the

Congress information of the state of the Union, and recom-
mend to their consideration such measures as he shall
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in
case of disagreement between them with respect to the
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time
as he shall think proper..

Information, how given, n. 187. Extra sessions, n. 188.
Practice of the courts as to revolutionary governments,
Id. Supreme Court cannot control President's discretion,
n. 189. His power as to commissioning, n. 190.
CONGRESS. The judicial power of the United States shall be
vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts
as the Congress may from time to time ordain and estab-
lish..

See Judicial Power, notes 195-209. Judicial power de-
fined, Id. It is obligatory on'Congress to vest the power, Id.
Congress may define as well as establish jurisdiction of
inferior courts, 196. List of the present and past judges,
197.
CONGRESS. In certain cases the Supreme Court shall have appel
late jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such excep-
tions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall
make...

Appeliate jurisdiction defined, n. 211. Is within the
control of Congress, Id. Congress can only confer juris-
diction upon the national courts.

CONGRESS. When crimes are not committed within any State, the
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may
by law have directed.

The reason of this rule, n. 213. Where tried, when the
crime has not been committed in the State, n. 214.
CONGRESS Shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of
blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person
attainted...

Punishment defined, n. 217. Attainder defined, n. 142.
Corruption of blood defined, n. 217. Punishment of trea-
son, Id.
CONGRESS. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State, to
the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every
other State. And the Congress may, by general laws,
prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and
proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect thereof...

(See Credit, n. 218.) The acts of authentication, n. 219.
Seal of the State imports absolute verity, Id. When a
State statute-book may be read, Id. The effect of a record
proved under the act, p. 220, of "any State" defined, p.
219. How judicial records must be certified, Id. p. 219.
Their effect when proved, notes 218, 219. There must
have been service or appearance, notes 218, 219, pp. 215,
220. Proof of records not judicial, n. 219, p. 221, § 1.
Decisions upon the statute, n. 219. Applies to Territories
as well as States, n. 219, p. 222, § 2. This act constitu-
tional, n. 219.

CONGRESS. New States may be admitted by the Congress into
this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected
within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State
be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts
of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the
States concerned, as well as of the Congress...

New States defined, n. 229; the Confederation on the
subject, Art. XI. p. 19. For a full history, n. 229. List of
new States, and dates of admission, n. 230. The effect of
admission, Id.

CONGRESS. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and
make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter-
ritory or other property belonging to the United States;