Another form, which breaks up the compound predicate, is often admissible: Notice should be taken of these irregularities.'

EXERCISE 178.

1. The robber must be laid hold of. 2. The child was taken all imaginable care of. 3. His conduct was found fault with. 4. I was taken more notice of than my brother. 5. The fortress had to be laid siege to. 6. The traveller was laid violent hands on. 7. All the failures of the State are made the most of. 8. The most sacred things may be made an ill use of. 9. He was made much of. 10. Their horses will be taken good care of.

II. Other Substitutions.

Incomplete Verb and Noun replaced.

208. The king was the dupe of deeper designers''The king was duped by deeper designers.' 'Charles V. was an enormous eater changed to Charles V. ate enormously.'

may be

It will be observed that another noun is frequently connected with the complement noun by a preposition, especially by 'of.' The preposition is usually dropped when the verb is restored in place of the noun. The object of a transitive verb is regularly attached in this manner to the verbal noun corresponding: Abel was a keeper of sheep, Cain was a tiller of the ground' -'Abel kept sheep, Cain tilled the ground.'

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To suit the restored verb, the adjective qualification of such

a noun necessarily becomes adverbial (§§ 38, 182).

EXERCISE 179.

1. Kings are naturally lovers of low company. 2. Pure livers were they all. 3. Tickell was a better versifier than Addison. 4. Both the Greeks and the Romans were great planters of colonies.

5. Indulgent listener was he to the tongue

Of garrulous age.

6. Are you a hard worker? 7. He is a shoemaker. 8. Thou art a cobbler, art thou? 9. You say you are a better soldier. 10. He will be the master of his own time and the pursuer of his own inclinations. 11. Tact is the interpreter of all riddles, the surmounter of all difficulties, the remover of all obstacles.

12. I am moreover suitor that I may

Produce his body to the market-place.

Incomplete Verb and Adjective replaced.

209. 'They have been very unfortunate'='They have suffered many misfortunes'; 'they have been visited by many misfortunes.'

Are you guilty?'' Did you do the deed you are charged with? Did you commit the crime?" 'He is careless'=' He acts carelessly.'

EXERCISE 180.

1. The statesmen were desirous to enlist able youths in the public service. 2. Such talents now became more valuable. 3. I am very sorry for you. 4. The fig-tree was barren. 5. The attempt is certainly dangerous. 6. He was not conscious of his own strength. 7. The reply is not satisfactory to us. 8. The reasoning seems unanswerable. 9. He grew provident as he grew poor. 10. In proportion as he became contemptible to others, he became despicable to himself.

Verb and Object into Verb and Adverb.

210. Both these statesmen had a sincere love of letters' Both these statesmen sincerely loved letters.' (§ 208, note).

The measure gained our warm approval': 'The measure was warmly approved of by us.'

EXERCISE 181.

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1. Many people extended their willing sympathy to him. 2. The press had begun to exercise unprecedented influence on the public mind. 3. He imposed a severe punishment on the offenders. 4. They convey sound instruction to their hearers. 5. This artist produces admirable pictures. 6. He promised to give her his best counsel. 7. She had her own style of writing. 8. We entertain the highest respect for them. 9. The strangers experienced a very kind reception. 10. The prisoner obtained an unanimous acquittal. 11. I have a high opinion of his abilities. 12. In Parliament, the matter had met the keenest criticism and the fullest debate.

Special Condensations.

211. The company contracted for horsing the The verb 'horse' is taken from the noun

cars.'

'horse' as a most convenient way of expressing the causative sense of providing, furnishing horses for. A very common usage.

'You need not talk yourself hoarse about it.' The intransitive verb is made transitive and reflective; at the same time it is incomplete, the complement hoarse' stating the result of the principal action. The sober statement would be: You need not talk so as to make yourself hoarse'; which also shows the causative meaning contained in the energetic condensation.

'Heat me these irons hot.' The complement 'hot' again conveys the result or consequence of the 'heating.' The expression may be regarded as condensed for: 'Heat me these irons so that they shall be hot.'

'The cakes eat crisp' is a very short and curious way of saying 'The cakes are (felt to be) crisp as they are (being) eaten.'

The sea ran high' exemplifies the usual condensed expression of two predicated facts in concomitance. The meaning might be given thus: 'The sea ran, and (as the sea ran) it was high, or 'The sea was high as it ran.

EXERCISE 182.

1. The government were lied out of office. 2. Advance the standard! 3. He gallops his horse. 4. The page read himself asleep. 5. I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. 6. This liquor tasted like a small cider. 7. The ship neared the land. 8. He hunts a pack of dogs better than any other man in the country. 9. The men drank themselves insensible.

10. The prophetesses who by rite eterne

On Frea's hearth feed high the sacred fire. 11. Nobody will be argued into slavery. 12. He saved himself by hanging his associates. 13. The name sounds familiar. 14. The boy smoked himself sick. 15. The sentinel was shot dead. 16. These virtues were sneered out of fashion. 17. The ship was flying a signal of distress. 18. One blast might chill him into misery. 19. This stone feels smooth. 20. The child is cutting his teeth.

'Do' as Pro-verb.

212. 'We work harder than you do' for 'We work harder than you work.' (§ 118).

'He spoke as well as you could have done' for 'He spoke as well as you could have spoken.'

EXERCISE 183.

1. The leopard follows his nature as the lamb does. 2. He now spoke rapidly, as he always did. 3. They all shall wax old as doth a garment. 4. He loves not plays as thou dost. 5. She looked older than he did. 6. You acted as promptly as anybody could have done. 7. Many Britons learned to dress and live in the same way that the Romans did. 8. Let us not sleep as do others. 9. James had quarrelled with and insulted the Houses, as no English sovereign had ever done before. 10. The Phoenicians sailed to settle in lands further off from their own land than the Greeks ever did.

CHAPTER V.

THE ADVERB,

213. The ADVERB is to be regarded as standing in the same relation to the Verb as the Adjective stands in to the Noun. Like the Adjective, the Adverb is most extensively used; and it has been provided with substitutes in similar abundance and variety. These substitutes are again-the PHRASE and the CLAUSE. The adverbial meanings that do not frequently recur, that are somewhat complex in character, or that are intended to be stated with emphasis, are mostly represented, not by special single-word adverbs, but by expressions formed of common words from other parts of speech on definite and universally accepted models.

The Adverbial meaning, like the Adjective meaning, may appear as a separate co-ordinate

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sentence. But this substitution is more successful when applied to phrases and clauses than when applied to single words.

A considerable number of Adverbs of reference are commonly classed also among conjunctions. Since, however, the fundamental force of these is adverbial, they are treated here among Adverbs.

I. ADVERB into ADVERBIAL PHRASE.

214. The greatest activity of interchange occurs between the very large and somewhat indefinite body of Adverbs of Manner or Quality and the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. Beyond the extensive number of instances, there is little that calls for special notice in connection with these adverbs. Attention should be directed to the frequent transference of members of this class to serve as Adverbs of Degree, Extent, or Measure.

As in the case of Pronouns, so in the case of Adverbs of Reference, the pupil should be thoroughly disciplined in pointing out the references. The representative examples given in the following lists are not intended to be exhaustive: the method is indicated and illustrated, and examples are sure to occur abundantly in the pupil's reading.

The important interchange of Relative Adverb and Phrase made up of Relative Pronoun and Preposition, has been exemplified. (§§ 125-159).

Adverb of Place into Adverbial Phrase.

215. Certain pronominal Adverbs of Place stand forth with especial prominence :

: