among its own body, and the majority then constitutes | upon when we gett y". And as to a printing-press, the one vote in a second election: if in this second election single consideration of our being obliged to go to Ed. the four votes are equally divided, the former lord- | [Edinburgh] in order to gett one sheet right printed, rector has the casting-vote. This office has oddly makes out the absolute necessity of one. In order to enough become almost a test of political party in the have the University well accommodated with books, University; for the candidates and the election have and a printing-press, it is proposed that before the next often borne quite as much relation to Whiggism and session of the College there shall be a well-furnish'd Toryism as to literature and science. Since 1820, the shop erected, with books of all sorts, paper, paperlord-rectorship has been filled by Lord Jeffrey, Sir books, pens, ink, ink-horns, sealing wax, and all other James Macintosh, Lord Brougham, Thomas Campbell, things sold either in a bookseller's or stationer's shop: the Marquis of Lansdowne, Lord Cockburn, Lord as also, that some time within four years after WhitStanley, Sir Robert Peel, Sir James Graham, the sunday next there shall be a printing-press erected, Marquis of Breadalbane, Mr. Fox Maule, Mr. Ruther- with necessary founts and other materials for printford, Lord John Russell, and Mr. Mure, who at pre- ing Hebrew, Greek, and Latin." Then follows an sent holds that office. The Principal superintends in enumeration of the terms and conditions on which the person the whole internal arrangements of the Uni- University should make a bargain with any one who versity. The Professors are classed into four Faculties should fill the office of bookseller and printer. The -Arts, Theology, Law, and Medicine: they com- time was not yet come when Robert and Andrew Foulis prise College Professors, whose office is of ancient produced their beautiful and far-famed specimens of standing, and constitutes them members of the faculty; typography; nor was the time arrived when Glasgow and Regius Professors, whose office has been more re- could boast its newspaper. cently founded and endowed by the Crown, and constitutes them members of the Senate. The Faculty has the management of the estates and revenues of the University; the Senate superintends all other matters. There are twenty-two Professors, who are paid partly by salary, and partly by fees from students. The students are divided into togati and non-togati: the togati wear a scarlet gown, and are required to attend the College Chapel on Sundays; the non-togati are restricted neither in their dress nor in their attendance on worship.

At one period there was a botanic garden attached to and situated behind the University; and there was also an astronomical observatory at the service of the Professor of Natural Philosophy; but these were affected by the prevailing westward tendency: both are removed, and both are now to be found beyond the westernmost verge of the city. The position of the new observatory is a very fine one, commanding an extensive and uninterrupted view, and undisturbed by the noise of a busy town; and the new botanic garden is in its immediate vicinity.

In the publications of the Maitland Club there is a curious paper respecting the establishment of a printingpress and bookseller's shop in connexion with the University. It was a proposal, printed in 1713; and it gives a curious insight into the literary condition of Glasgow at that time. The writer of the proposal says:-"It is needless to shew how necessary and advantageous a well-furnished shop, with books, paper, pens, ink, &c., or a printing-press within the University, will be, or to observe that no Learned Society has ever flourished to any pitch without those helps. The common practice of all famous Seminaries of Learning makes this matter of fact evident; and our own experience here sufficiently confirms whatever can be said in its favour every day teaches us what difficulty there is to get the books that are absolutely necessary for the scholars of all sorts, and how much we are imposed

We had occasion in a former page to speak of the bold railway proceedings around Glasgow; and we have now to speak of railway audacity that rises almost to the sublime. Will the reader believe that a Company proposed to buy up the entire University, to pull every vestige to the ground, to build another and finer structure far out in the west, and to appropriate the present site as a railway-station? Among the huge number of bills which received Parliamentary sanction in 1846 was one for the Glasgow, Airdrie, and Monkland Railway;' the object of which is to establish several points of connexion between the Caledonian, Clydesdale, and Edinburgh Railways; to connect Glasgow with the iron and coal district near Airdrie; and to form a railway-terminus near the High Street of Glasgow. One of the features of the plan was to appropriate the site of the University, as above noticed, and negotiations were entered into with that view; but the ardour which marked all these matters has considerably cooled: a 'wet blanket' has been thrown over many a project; and it is not yet certain whether this gigantic plan will be carried out.

Glasgow is not ill-supplied with educational establishments of a high character, besides its venerable University. The High School, or Grammar School owes its origin to a date even more remote than the University. The present building is situated in Montrose Street. The kind of education imparted, the sort of funds by which the school is supported, and the mode of managing those funds, is pretty similar to what is observ. able in most of the English Grammar Schools.

The Andersonian Institution or University was founded by Mr. John Anderson, who was Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow in 1795. The object was chiefly the promotion of physical science; and the founder so made his arrangements, that the citizens of Glasgow generally have an excellent control over the institution. Class-rooms, a lecture-room, a library, a museum, and a collection

They comprised a Council Chamber, the Town Clerks' | arrangement has been carried out within the last few Offices, the Justiciary Court House, and the Gaol. The years: the former Lunatic Asylum is now the Town's ancient gaol of the burgh-that to which we are intro- Hospital; and the new Asylum in the west is one of the duced by Rob Roy and Baillie Nicol Jarvie and the most splendid public buildings in and around Glasgow: 'Dougal creature,'-was situated at the corner of the it contains upwards of 500 patients, not one of whom has Trongate and the High Street; and in front of it cri- been for years under any personal restraint. The former minals used to be executed. Such was the state of Town's Hospital, close to the Clyde, was built rather things from 1627 to 1814; but in the latter year the more than a century ago, under the designation of the old 'Tolbooth,' as it was called, was taken down, and Charity Workhouse; and was originally intended as the new buildings erected at the foot of the Saltmarket. an asylum both for the aged and infirm, and for destitute There is indeed one relic still left of the Tolbooth, viz., children. It afterwards ceased to be occupied as an the steeple, or tower, with its oddly-shaped square bat- Orphan Asylum; and under the designation of the tlements and pyramidal pinnacles: it is not remarkable Town's Hospital, and supported by an assessment on for architectural beauty; but it is worth preserving as the inhabitants, it became wholly an asylum for the a curiosity, especially in a city where the old is so aged and infirm. This building was purchased by the rapidly giving way to the new. Caledonian Railway Company, and its site will form a portion of their terminus when their line crosses the Clyde, as noticed in a preceding page.

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The new buildings to which we have alluded have a façade and portico modelled after the Parthenon at Athens; but, as in many other similar cases, the classical correctness of the exterior was not accompanied by an adequate degree of convenience within; for the internal arrangements were found to be small and incommodious and the gaol is not in accordance with the improved modern ideas of prison discipline. These circumstances, and the enormous increase of the population, led to the construction of a fine large body of buildings in the heart of the city, in Wilson Street. Here the arrangements are planned for a wide extent both of county and municipal business; and the structure in the Saltmarket is now appropriated as the Supreme Criminal Court, or, as it is called, Justiciary Court, and Local Court House.

The City and County Bridewell is one of the largest if not the most beautiful public building in Glasgow. It is situated between the College and the Cathedral, and consists of a group of buildings in a sort of Norman style, comprising a rotunda and four radiating wings. The plan embraces the modern system of supervision: and the institution is said to be one of the best managed in the kingdom. The prisoners average from 300 to 400 at all times; their education is attended to; and so well are the industrial arrangements managed, that the prisoners pay very nearly for the whole of their maintenance. Some of the charitable institutions of Glasgow are worthy of especial notice. The Lunatic Asylum is one of these. About the year 1810 the foundationstone of a fine large building was laid for this purpose, at the northern margin of the city, near the spot where the principal station of the Caledonian Railway will shortly be. The building consists of an octagonal centre, whence spring four wings of three stories each; and over the octagon is a fine dome. The building, taken as a whole, is one of the most imposing and conspicuous in Glasgow; but the streets and factories approached by degrees so close to it, that the "busy hum of men" began to interfere with the quiet necessary for such an institution. Hence arose a new arrangement, whereby the Town's Hospital was to come into possession of this building; and a new Lunatic Asylum was to be built about three miles to the west of Glasgow. This

Glasgow is not wanting in those numberless institutions whose object is a kind solicitude for the welfare of the erring, the sick, and the poor. The House of Refuge, situated in the eastern part of the town, is a receptacle for juvenile offenders, who are sent thither to avoid the contamination of a gaol. The Royal Infirmary, occupying part of the site of the old Bishop's Palace, is another fine institution: an ornament to the town in respect to its external architecture, and wellmanaged in respect to its defined object. Hutcheson's Hospital, (it is a curious coincidence that the finest hospital in Edinburgh-excepting, perhaps, Heriot's— and the finest hospital in Glasgow have the same name; both were founded by the private purse of persons having the name of Hutcheson,) situated in Ingram Street, is a handsome modern building: the original and plainer structure having been superseded as the funds of the charity improved. It was founded by two brothers about a century ago; and having been well managed, the estates have become valuable. The revenues are applied to the support of a number of old men and women, and to the clothing and educating of the sons of decayed citizens.

Many of the other institutions of the city, partly supported by municipal funds, and partly by individual subscriptions, partake of that general character which is observable in most of our large towns: a few are architectural ornaments to the town; while others are noticeable only for the good which passes within. The Sick Hospital, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, the Highland Society of Glasgow, and the various minor charities, would all call for a meed of praise if the present object were to give in detail a picture of Glasgow.

THE EXCHANGE, AND OTHER COMMERCIAL BUILdings.

The reader may well expect that in such a vast industrial city as Glasgow the buildings connected with commercial matters are not among the least deserving of notice. The rise of colonial trade in the last century, the rise of the cotton manufacture, of the iron manufacture, of ship-building, and engineering-all have

land, the British Linen Company's Bank, the City of Glasgow Bank, the Commercial Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank, the Clydesdale Banking Company, the Union Bank of Scotland, the Western Bank, the National Bank of Scotland-these, and many others, are mostly fine stone buildings, situated in the principal streets, and aiding to give a sumptuous character to the district which contains them. The Union Bank of Scotland, in Ingram Street, is built after the model. of the Temple of Jupiter Stator, at Rome. The Royal Bank is the institution in Exchange Square, alluded to above.

The markets of Glasgow, like those of Edinburgh, are below the standard of those now possessed by the chief English towns: whether they are efficient or not, the buyers and sellers must determine; but they are not externally ornamental or architectural. Glasgow possesses two or three good bazaars, in which the usual knick-knacks of such places are kept, and the usual arcade-strollers are met with. As for the shops in the principal streets, they follow the same barometer which indicates wealth in other matters. Where the wealthy purchasers resort, there the shops are elegant and the display attractive; where pence prevail more than pounds, there less show, less costliness, and we may add less cleanliness, are visible. Some of the shops in Trongate, Argyle, Queen, and Buchanan Streets, rival all except the very first class of our London shops. For the character of the houses in Saltmarket, see Cut, No. 9.

rendered necessary a large and well-conducted system | within but architectural without. The Bank of Scotof commercial establishments. It is this feature which mainly distinguishes the present central part of the town. If we take Queen Street as a centre (and it is nearly so both topographically and virtually) we shall find that the principal commercial establishments are grouped around it, and within a short distance from it. There are but very few British towns that can boast of so sumptuous a Commercial Exchange as Glasgow. The building itself, and the whole of the structures immediately surrounding it, are, both in their external architecture and general arrangement, a most creditable ornament to the city. The Exchange is an isolated building. Its principal front is in Queen Street, opposite the end of Ingram Street; it has a western front visible from Buchanan Street, and its north and south fronts open into paved avenues. There is a fine portico in Queen Street, over which is a beautiful lantern-tower; and in front is a bronze equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington-somewhat misplaced, both architecturally and commercially. The portico gives entrance to the great room of the Exchange, which is 130 feet long, 60 in width, and 30 high. This serves both as an Exchange and a News Room, and is abundantly supplied with newspapers from all parts of the world. The first place of this kind in Glasgow was the Tontine Hotel, which was built in 1781, on the tontine system, in the Trongate: it was intended partly as a hotel, and partly as a news and coffee-room; and it has ever since been occupied as such; but as the wealth of Glasgow increased, the merchants required more ample accommodation; and a sum of no less than £60,000 was subscribed, about twenty years ago, for the erection of the present magnificent Exchange and News Room. The whole structure is in the Corinthian style. The portico at the east front is octostyle, and three columns in depth, giving it a very noble character. Half way along each side of the building the windows are separated by pilasters; but in the remaining half there is a row of Corinthian columns standing out detached from the walls. The whole building is placed in the midst of a splendid open area, lined on the north and south with uniform ranges of stone buildings, occupied as ware-rooms, offices, and shops. Two Doric arches, betwixt which is placed the Royal Bank of Scotland, give access to this open area from Buchanan Street. (Cut, No. 8.)

There are two clubs in Glasgow, partaking somewhat of the character of the London clubs-the Western Club and the Union Club. Both have handsome stone buildings for their club-houses, and both consist of several hundred members, who pay entrance-fees and annual subscriptions, and both have an internal economy corresponding with the generality of buildings of this description.

Some of the most superb buildings in Glasgow are the Banks. Here, as in Edinburgh, nearly all the banking establishments are joint-stock undertakings; and it has become almost a matter of pride and emulation to have their banking-houses not only commodious

In the north-west part of Glasgow, near the forthcoming station of the Caledonian Railway, is a group of buildings which it is pleasant to notice, whether we call it commercial, or civic, or honorary. It is the 'Cleland Testimonial.' One of the most active men in Glasgow during the present century, for everything that could contribute to the moral and material welfare of the town, was Dr. Cleland; and the citizens, in 1834, subscribed £5,000, to be expended in the construction of a handsome group of houses, which should descend as an heir-loom to the family of Dr. Cleland. It was an idea at once graceful and generous.

There are one or two points of discomfort that meet us in the poorer streets of Glasgow. We do not mean merely the discomforts that meet the eye (and the nose) in the narrow wynds of the city; but the disheartening thoughts that are likely to be engendered by the state of society. The extent to which spirit-drinking has spread among the working-classes of Glasgow, is beyond all reason and moderation. Leaving tee-totalism and temperance pledges, and so forth, wholly out of the question, the example of London, Manchester, Liverpool, and the other large English towns, is wholly overborne by the state of things at Glasgow. It is impossible to walk up the Saltmarket and the High Street without a feeling of astonishment at the facilities afforded for pouring pennyworths of whiskey down the throats of the densely-packed inhabitants of that neighbourhood. The "stores" and "cellars" are frightfully numerous.